MindMap Gallery Immunology
A mind map about immunology, including knowledge of antigens, immunology pathology, immune response, immunology applications, and the immune system. I hope this mind map will be helpful to you.
Edited at 2023-10-24 12:28:37El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
Immunology
antigen
concept
Immunogenicity
immunoreactivity
specificity
Antigenic epitope
common antigen
cross-reactivity
Medically important antigens
Pathogenic microorganisms and their metabolites
animal immune serum
heterophile antigen
alloantigen
tumor antigen
Superantigen SAg
Factors affecting antigen immunogenicity
Foreign body property
Physical and chemical properties
chemical composition
molecular weight
structure
accessibility
physical state
host factors
genetic factors
Age, gender, health status
How antigens enter the body
immunologypathology
hypersensitivity reaction
Type I hypersensitivity reaction
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Type VI hypersensitivity reaction
autoimmune disease
systemic lupus erythematosus
rheumatoid arthritis
immunodeficiency disease
primary immunodeficiency disease
secondary immunodeficiency disease
tumor immunity
transplant immunity
immune response
Immune response concept: refers to the body’s immune system The entire process of identifying and eliminating non-self substances
innate immune response
skin mucosal barrier
blood brain barrier
placental barrier
Innate immune response phase
Immediate innate immune response stage within 0-4 hours
Early innate immune response stage 4-96 hours
Adaptive immune response induction phase 96 hours later
adaptive immune response
T cell mediated immune effects
CD4 T cell immune effects
Biological effects of Thl
The effect of Th1 cells on macrophages
Effect on lymphocytes
Effect on neutrophils
Th2 biological effects
Mainly reflected in B cell-mediated humoral immune response
Response effects of CD8T (CTL) cells
perforin-granzyme pathway
Fas/FasL pathway
TNK/TNFR pathway
Immunology applications
Immunoprevention concept: through artificial stimulation or induction The body mounts an immune response, or through direct input Immunoactive substances, thereby specifically eliminating pathogenic factors to achieve the purpose of disease prevention
Types of artificial immunity
artificial active immunity
immune substance: antigen
Time for immunity to appear: slower, 1-4 weeks later
Immune maintenance time: longer months or years
Application: long-term prevention, planned immunization
artificial passive immunity
By injecting immune serum containing specific antibodies, the body can quickly rapid acquisition of adaptive immunity
Substances: antibodies, cytokines, etc.
Appearance time: fast, effective immediately
Maintenance time: short, 2-3 weeks
Application: treatment, emergency prevention
Commonly used vaccines: antitoxin, normal human gamma globulin and placental C Immunoglobulin, human specific immunoglobulin
vaccine
Concept: Vaccination can make the body immune to specific diseases General name for biological agents
Basic conditions: safe, effective and practical vaccine
type
Inactivated vaccines (killed vaccines) such as: whooping cough, cholera, Japanese encephalitis Inflammation, typhoid, rabies, new crown vaccine, etc.
Live attenuated vaccines such as BCG, live measles vaccine, polio Live vaccines, etc.
immune system
Immune organs and tissues
central immune organ
marrow
Bone marrow is the birthplace of various types of blood cells in adults, including immune cells.
Bone marrow is where B lymphocytes develop and mature.
The bone marrow is where the humoral immune response occurs again.
Thymus
The thymus is the place where T lymphocytes differentiate, develop and mature.
The thymus is an important organ in the formation and maintenance of autoimmune tolerance.
Immunomodulatory effects: Various cytokines and hormones secreted by thymic stromal cells, such as thymosin, can not only regulate the differentiation and development of thymocytes, but also regulate peripheral immune organs and other immune cells.
peripheral immune organs
spleen
Lymph nodes
mucosa-associated lymphoid organ
immune molecules
Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin structure
IG heavy chain and light chain
Variable region, constant region, and hinge region of IG
Ig domain
Ig multimers and their auxiliary structures
J chain
Secretory tablet
Immunoglobulin hydrolyzed fragments
Papain hydrolyzate fragment
Pepsin hydrolyzed fragments
Immunoglobulin heterogeneity
Isotype
allotype
unique type
Biological functions of immunoglobulins (Ab)
Neutralization
activate complement
Binding Fc receptor cell-mediated biological functions
Five types of immunoglobulins
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
Artificial preparation of antibodies
polyclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
genetically engineered antibodies
complement
Overview of complement
Nomenclature of complement
The components of the complement system
intrinsic components of complement
complement regulatory protein
complement receptor
complement synthesis
Hepatocytes, monocytes/macrophages, etc.
Physicochemical properties of complement
activation of complement
Classical approach
bypass pathway
MBL activation pathway
Regulation of complement activation
soluble complement regulatory protein
membrane-bound regulatory protein
The biological role of complement
Cytotoxicity MAC
conditioning effect
role of inflammatory mediators
Clear immune complexes
Participate in adaptive immune response
Complement Abnormalities and Diseases
MHC and its encoding molecules
distributed
HLA1 is expressed on the surface of nuclear cells.
HLA2 is expressed on dendritic cells, B cells, monocyte macrophages, etc. Presenting cells and activated T-cell surfaces,
Function
Participate in antigen presentation, induce T cell differentiation, and restrict interactions between immune cells.
Other immune molecules
IL
IFN
TNF
CSF
GF
Chemokines
Immune Cells
innate immune cells
Mononuclear/macrophage system
NK cells
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their antigen-presenting functions
Part-time APC
professional antigen presenting cells
Dendritic Cells
Mononuclear\macrophage
B cells
adaptive immune cells
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes