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psychology
Psychology mind map, psychology is the function of the brain, and psychology is the subjective reflection of the human brain on objective reality. I hope this mind map will be helpful to you.
Edited at 2023-10-17 15:58:44- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
psychology
- bacteria
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Plant asexual reproduction
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
- Reproductive development of animals
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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psychology
Psychology Overview
subjects of psychological research
Psychological phenomena (mental activities)
Psychological process (basic, common) dynamics
cognitive process
perception, memory, thought
Without perception, other psychological phenomena are like water without a source or a tree without roots.
emotion affective process
emotion emotion
The generation of emotions is based on cognition and mediated by needs.
volitional process
The most important thing is to overcome difficulties
Attention (accompanying status)
Personality Psychology (Stable)
personality psychological tendencies
Needs (basic) Motivations Beliefs Ideals Values Worldview (highest level)
The most active factor in personality psychology, the dynamic system of human behavior
Personality psychological characteristics (relatively stable)
Ability (character, temperament, self-regulation system) personality
natural society interdisciplinary
psychological essence
Psychology is the function of the brain
Neurons
Cell body, dendrites, axon (one and only one, responsible for transmitting information)
Nervous system (the material basis of mental activity)
Central Nervous System (Command)
1⃣️Advanced center
Brain lateralization advantage
left hemisphere
Extraction logic left speech number
right hemisphere
right shape empty creativity
Brain area distribution
Occipital lobe
Vision
Temporal lobe
listen
parietal lobe
somatosensory center
frontal lobe
Somatic motor center, responsible for high-level conscious activities
2⃣️Low-level center
brainstem
Yanqiaozhong
life center
diencephalon
cerebellum
Random movements to maintain body balance
2⃣️Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (Correspondent)
somatic nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Autonomic Nervous System (Autonomic Nervous System)
Sympathetic nerve
nervous
parasympathetic nerve
Quiet
act as an antagonist
nervous system activity
reflection
Unconditioned reflex (innate)
Unconscious instinctive actions (tasting plums and producing fluid, crying in the wind)
conditioned reflex (acquired
first signaling system
Specific things, physical stimulation, both humans and animals (look at plum blossoms and feel salivation, hear chickens dance)
Second signaling system
Language, writing, unique to people (talking about plums producing fluids, talking about tigers turning pale, drawing cakes to satisfy hunger, looking at plums to quench thirst)
Reflex is the basic form of nervous system activity response activity
Basic processes and rules
Basic processes: excitement, inhibition
Basic rules
diffusion and concentration
mutual induction
Positive or negative
simultaneously and successively
Psychology is the subjective and active reflection of the human brain on objective reality
Objective reality determines human psychology
Objective reality is the source of psychology
subjective image
active
The emergence and development of psychology
produce
History background
Philosophical background (theoretical basis)
Aristotle On the Soul Locke On Human Understanding
Experimental Physiology Background (Methodological Basis)
Fechner Principles of Psychophysics
logo
One person, one book, one room
Laboratory➡️Birth➡️Father of Psychology Book ➡️Declaration of Independence
Main psychological schools
Feng Tiegou, Watson 1️⃣ james duweian function Neissepia Lane Processing 2️⃣ Buddhist scriptures 2️⃣, Romans 3️⃣, pseudo-scientific research
cognitive development and education
feeling and perception
Feel (Directly affects individual attributes and bases)
types of feelings
external sensation
audiovisual smell skin
internal feeling
Body/visceral sense
kinesthetic
balance/quietness
General rules of sensation
Susceptibility (ability) is inversely proportional to sensory threshold (amount of stimulation)
Absolute sensory threshold (minimum stimulation level) and absolute susceptibility (just enough)
Difference susceptibility (just feel different) and difference threshold (minimum perceptible difference, minimum amount of difference)
Laws of sensory interaction
interaction of the same feeling
Feeling adapted
Feeling contrast
at the same time
successor
Feeling aftereffects
interaction of different senses
The interaction of different senses
Compensation of different feelings
synesthesia
perception
Top-down and bottom-up processing of perception
types of perception
object perception
Space: generous and deep
Time: Three Judgment Basis
sports
kinesthetic perception
kinesthetic perception
motion illusion
dynamic movement
induced movement
autonomous movement
swimming illusion
exercise aftereffects
social perception
Several deviations
social stereotypes
halo effect
primacy effect
recency effect
projection effect
role effect
laws of perception
Perceptual selectivity relationship between object and background
objective influencing factors
absolute intensity of stimulus
law of difference
law of activity
novelty of stimulus
combinatorial law
comprehensibility of knowledge
speech
knowledge experience
social culture
aspiration
the wholeness of perception
Characteristics of perceptual objects
Strength relationship reflects the key part’s understanding of the whole
structural relationship
knowledge and experience
perceptual constancy
color
Brightness/Lightness
Black, white and gray
Coal and white pencil
shape
size
sound
position
Development and cultivation of observation skills
Observation is the perception of thinking Purposeful, planned and lasting
quality of observation
facial expression
Cultivation of students’ observation ability
Hen whole stream
memory
memory overview
memory and its qualities
Ready to eat quickly
Classification
The length of time
Short and long
instant memory
concept
very short time
Features
Very short time
Larger capacity
Distinctive image
original information
coding
Image memory/main encoding form
audiovisual memory
store
Notice
short term memory
concept
within one minute
Features
time is short
Limited capacity
Clear consciousness
Strong operability
susceptible to interference
coding
Auditory Coding/Major
visual encoding
Semantic encoding
store
repeat
mechanical
fine
long term memory
concept
more than one minute
Tulving
episodic memory
semantic memory
Features
Unlimited capacity
Information is retained for a long time
coding
meaning encoding
representational coding
Semantic encoding
The most important encoding form
store
The content of memory and the object of experience
Image, Situation, Semantic, Emotion, Action
information processing
statement procedure
The degree of conscious participation
Explicit Implicit
Process and rules
Memorize
The concept of memorization
The first basic link in the memory process, the beginning of the memory process
Classification of memorization
Is there any purpose
Unintentional and intentional
Characteristics of Memorizing Materials and Memorizing Methods
mechanics and meaning
The rules of memorization
Too light quality method
Keep
maintain and regularity
Keep changes in quantity
reduce
Increase
Maintain qualitative changes
Forgetting and regularity
Types of forgetting
temporary forgetfulness
permanent forgetfulness
active forgetting
passive amnesia
Ebbinghaus' law of forgetting
Material: nonsense syllables
Method: saving method
Reason for forgetting
extinction theory
interference theory
repression theory
Extraction failed says
assimilation theory
Ausubel
Factors affecting the forgetting process
Nature of learning materials
series position effect
learning level
Long term important
method
time
emotions and motivations
Reappear
Recognize
reappear
Choose judgment
remember
concept of memories
Not in front of me
Fill in the blanks short answer discussion
types of memories
purpose, will, level of effort
no intention of recalling
Seeing things and missing people
intentional recall
Answer questions in class
Different conditions and methods
direct recall
indirect recall
intermediate link intermediary association I was surprised to see you for the first time when asked by my last name. I recalled my old appearance by calling my name.
recall
form of memory
Lenovo
proximity law
law of similarity
law of contrast
law of cause and effect
What can be reproduced can be recognized again, but what can be recognized may not be reproduced
Application of memory rules in teaching
Reasonably arrange and organize teaching according to rules
Effectively organize review according to memory rules
You will know the taste ten times
representation and imagination
Overview of appearances
Representation and its classification
main sensory channels
visual representation
auditory representation
motor representation
different levels of creativity
memory representation low
Imagination representation high
representational characteristics
intuitiveness
generalization
Operationalization Cooper and Shepard Mental Rotation Experiment
imagine overview
concept of imagination
Imagination is the processing and transformation of stored images by the human brain Without representation there is no imagination Representation belongs to the category of memory, imagination belongs to the category of thinking
The quality of imagination: two movements and one abundance present a new moment
types of imagination
Is there a purpose and planning?
Unintentional imagination (not random imagination)
Daydream
Look at the clouds in the sky, sometimes they look like tigers, sometimes like...
Dreams are extreme manifestations of unintentional imagination Zhuang Zhou Mengdie
Intentional imagination (random imagination)
level of creativity
Reimagine
According to the description and indication of words or symbols, a new image corresponding to it is formed in the mind. Readers read
Conditions: Rich representational reserves The words provided are accurate, vivid and vivid Correctly understand the meaning of words
create imagination
Create independently in the mind according to a certain purpose and task
condition:
fantasy
There are positive and negative fantasies
form
science fiction
Science fiction
ideal
fantasy
wait and see
imaginary processing
bonding
Different types
Mermaid Pegasus Zhu Bajie Amphibious tank Sun Wukong in mythology
exaggerate
The nine-headed bird in the land of big and small people flies down three thousand feet. The Yellow River flows like silk from the sky.
personification
Give life to inanimate objects
Thunder God, Lightning Mother, Sun Father, Moon Sister
Attributing human characteristics to living objects
Donald Duck Mickey Mouse Bear
Journey to the West creates the image of Sun Wukong who hates evil as much as he hates hatred.
typification
Mostly used in artistic creation
Concentrating the common characteristics of a class of things on a specific thing so that it can represent the whole
Balzac's shrewd and cunning Grandet
imagined function
foresee
Foresee the results of activities
Be prepared for danger in times of peace and take precautions
Replenish
Supplement information through imagination Make up for the time and space limitations of people’s cognitive activities
Supplementing human understanding of primitive society through archeology
substitute
If people's needs cannot be satisfied, they can obtain certain compensation and satisfaction psychologically with the help of imagination.
Replace people with people, use things with things, ride on bamboo poles as horses
adjust
Physiological activities
Cultivation of students’ imagination
Develop students' creative imagination in teaching
representational reserve
understand the meaning of words
Deepen your understanding of knowledge
Cultivate students' creative imagination in teaching
Language examiners learn to have fun
speech and thought
speech
Speech and Language Concepts
Language is a system of symbols; speech is a process of activity
Language is a social phenomenon; speech is a psychological phenomenon
Characteristics of language
Create modern social individuals
individuality
Everyone has their own unique speech style
The same person expresses himself in different ways on different occasions and in different moods.
Sociality
Students imitate teacher's mantra
Types of speech
external speech
spoken word
conversational speech
symposium
monologue speech
lecture speech
written speech
Randomness, preservation and modification across time and space
write an essay
inner speech
Self-questioning or silent speech activities
silent reading
Thoughts and their qualities
Concepts and Characteristics of Thinking
Essential attributes generalization indirect
Indirectness (speculation, prediction)
Reflect on things that are not in front of you and have no direct effect on the senses (the sound of wind and rain at night, how many flowers fall)
Reflect on things that cannot be perceived at all (traditional Chinese medicine, visual inspection, hearing, asking, and feeling, electrocardiogram examination)
Make some kind of prediction (the puppy behaves abnormally and speculates that an earthquake is coming)
Generalization (summary)
common essence and characteristics
get conclusion
proverb
quality of thinking
Quality is a measure of quality level
Naked belly sensitive logic
vastness and depth
comprehensive
Nature
independence and criticality
Neither follow what others say nor follow the crowd
I neither follow what others say nor am I self-righteous.
Flexibility and agility
Flexibility: adapt to changing circumstances; cunning; clever calculations Opposite: Stubborn; stick to dogma; love to get into trouble
Make a prompt decision; frown, a plan comes to mind; Opposite: indecisive
logic and rigor
The central link of thinking quality is the concentrated expression of all thinking qualities.
Cultivation of good thinking quality
types of thinking
The content of thinking depends on the object, the nature of the task, and the level of development
intuitive action thinking
actual action
concrete image thinking
Use mental images
abstract logical thinking
Intermediary is a concept
logical
Analytical thinking
Derivation step by step
intuitive thinking
Without step-by-step analysis, quickly, suddenly.
Directivity
convergence thinking
The only definite answer
familiar rules
Optimal solution: choose one from many
Characteristics: Directional, organized and scoped
divergent thinking
Divergent thinking is the core of creative thinking
Multiple answers
One question has many solutions; draw inferences from one example; all roads lead to Rome
Creativity
Reconstructive Thinking
conventional
creative thinking
novel
basic forms of thinking
concept most basic form
what is concept
concept meaning
essential characteristics
connotation
denotation
Types of concepts
The degree of abstraction and generalization of the attributes contained in the concept
specific concept
abstraction
Concepts reflect the number of attributes of things and their interrelationships
Conjunctive concept
disjunctive concept
relationship concept
way of concept formation
Pre-scientific concepts/everyday concepts
scientific concept
Level of abstraction of concepts/Ausubel
Elementary concepts
secondary concepts
Is it easy to define
Easy to define concepts
Difficult to define concept
concept structure
name
definition
Attributes
illustration
concept learning process
acquisition of concepts
How concepts are acquired Main learning methods Learning outcomes Concept Formation Discovery Learning Pre-Scientific Concepts concept assimilation receptive learning scientific concepts
The main form in which students acquire concepts: concept assimilation
Application of concepts
on a perceptual level
on the level of thinking
judge
The connections and relationships between things are reflected in the human brain
reasoning
inductive reasoning
From special to general
deductive reasoning
From general to special
general process of thinking
Chalk finely drawn
Analysis and synthesis
Compare and classify
Classification is from large to small
abstraction and generalization
extract essence
Define
Systematization and concreteness
Systematization is from small to large
Use learned knowledge to solve problems
creative thinking
Concepts and Characteristics of Creative Thinking
Creative thinking takes divergent thinking as the core
Divergent thinking has fluency, flexibility (flexibility), and originality (uniqueness)
creative thinking process
Prepare shipping documents
Cultivation of creative thinking ability
Common creative courses
Divergent thinking training course
Diffusion of uses
structural diffusion
method diffusion
morphological diffusion
What can red do
Speculation and Hypothesis Training Course
main purpose
Develop students' imagination and sensitivity to things
Common methods
Story Solitaire
Read the article title and guess the article content
Self-design training course
Promote the development of creative thinking
Brainstorming (group discussion method) brain stimulation
Features: Separate ideas from evaluations
Osborne proposed
No evaluation yet
encourage different viewpoints
The more the merrier
Suggestions for improvement
Development of students’ thinking
The development of primary school students’ thinking
Basic characteristics: Focus on concrete image thinking and gradually transition to abstract logical thinking.
Key age: 10-11 years old in the fourth grade of primary school
The development of middle school students’ thinking
Abstract logical thinking is transformed from the experience level to the theoretical level, starting from the second grade of junior high school and reaching maturity in the second grade of high school.
awareness and attention
consciousness
Consciousness and its characteristics
Consciousness is a state of awareness, a unique reflection function of the human brain
Human psychological phenomena, in terms of the way they occur, are reflex activities
Consciousness is the highest stage of psychological development
subjectivity unity fluidity initiative
state of consciousness
controllable
automated
daydream state
Note Overview
Attention and its functions
The concept and characteristics of attention
Directivity
Have a choice
centralization
concentrate undivided attention Without looking into the garden
Attention function
choose
The most basic functions
maintain/maintain
regulation and supervision
most important features
Classification of attention
Whether there is a predetermined goal and the degree of willpower effort
unintentionally paying attention
pay attention intentionally
Pay attention after intending to
Pay attention to the rules
The application of attention rules in teaching
development of students' attention
The development and education of emotions, emotions and will
Personality development and education