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MindMap Gallery Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Mind Map
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Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Mind Map
Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function Mind Map. The basic structures of cells include cell membrane, membrane molecular structure, cytoplasm (also called cytoplasm), organelles, and nucleus.
Edited at 2023-10-10 19:53:31
Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Mind Map
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Cell structure and function
basic functions of cells
Transmembrane substance transport function
simple diffusion
Does not consume energy
thermodynamic motion
major factor
The concentration difference of the transported substance on both sides of the membrane is the driving force for diffusion
The permeability of the cell membrane to substances is the resistance to diffusion
The relationship between the two: the greater the concentration difference, the higher the permeability and the greater the amount of diffusion.
facilitated diffusion
carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
The carrier is a membrane protein
Mode: Binding-Conformational Change-Dissociation
characteristic
structure specificity
Identify and combine
saturation phenomenon
competitive inhibition
Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Gating properties
voltage gated channel
chemically gated channels
mechanically gated channels
Ion selectivity
active transport
primary active transport
sodium pump
Operating mode
Keep potassium high inside the membrane and sodium high outside the membrane
physiological significance
Formation and maintenance of concentration differences between sodium and potassium ions
It is a necessary condition for many metabolic reactions in cells
It is the basis of cellular bioelectricity phenomena.
secondary active transport
cotransport
Antiport
Exit and enter the cell
Coming out of the cell
exocytosis
The process of removing large molecules from cells
Enter the cell
also called endocytosis
The process in which macromolecular substances enter cells after being wrapped by the cell membrane
Consume ATP
Transmembrane signal transduction function of cells
It refers to the process by which biological information is converted and transmitted between cells or within cells, and produces biological effects.
receptor
basic skills
Recognize and bind ligands
transmembrane signal transduction
produce corresponding physiological effects
Distribution parts
membrane receptor
ion channel receptor
enzyme-linked receptor
G protein coupled receptor
cytoplasmic receptor
nuclear receptor
Ligand
bioelectrical phenomena
There are electrical changes on both sides of the membrane during rest or activity
in cells
transmembrane potential
It is the basis for cells to achieve various functional activities
Resting potential of cells and its generation mechanism
In a quiet state, the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell membrane
Negative inside and positive outside (polarization)
Increased membrane potential (hyperpolarization)
Decrease in membrane potential (depolarization)
After depolarization, return to the resting potential (repolarization)
In the excited state, there is a state of positive inside and negative outside (reverse polarization, also called superjection)
production mechanism
1. In the recent state, the distribution inside and outside the cell is uneven (high potassium inside the membrane, high sodium outside the membrane)
2. The membrane has selective permeability to ions in the resting state (potassium ions are the highest)
3. Potassium ion efflux
Motivation: concentration difference
resistance
Potential difference
Negative inside and positive outside
Action potential and its generation mechanism
When cells are effectively stimulated, a membrane potential fluctuation occurs based on the resting position.
Features
all or nothing phenomenon
Action potential is not generated (none), otherwise it is all
pulse type
condition
threshold potential
When stimulation acts on cells to depolarize the membrane potential to a certain critical value, Triggers the generation of a cell action and positioning. This critical value is called the threshold potential.
local potential
Excitatory cells receive a subthreshold stimulus, resulting in depolarization
also called local excitement
Features
No "all or nothing" phenomenon
attenuating conduction
summation phenomenon
time
space
cyclical changes
absolute refractory period
significance
So that the spike potential will not overlap
Its length is determined twice Minimum time interval between excitement
relative refractory period
supernormal period
Low normal period (return to normal)
conduction
action potential - local potential - action potential
jump conduction
Fast speed, less movement, and low consumption of potential energy
Cell structure and proliferation
basic structure of cells
cell membrane
1. Composition: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates (less)
2. Function: barrier function, material transport, information transmission
Molecular structure of membranes: liquid mosaic model
Cytoplasm (also called cytoplasm)
Composed of three parts: cell matrix, inclusions, and organelles
Contains protein, inorganic salts, water, ribonucleic acid, etc.
It is an important place for cell metabolism
organelles
Ribosome
Made of ribonucleic acid and protein
Function: Condensate amino acids into proteins
Known as the "protein assembly machine"
Free ribosomes: maintain the growth of the cell itself
Attach ribosomes: synthesize secreted proteins
Mitochondria
Provide energy for cell life activities
Known as the "power factory of cells"
Built-in network
Classification (according to the presence or absence of ribosomes attached)
Rough built-in mesh
Sliding built-in mesh
golgi complex
Related to the accumulation and processing of some substances in cells and the formation of secretory granules
lysosome
Known as the "digester of cells"
If the lysosomal membrane is broken, hydrolytic enzymes are released, causing tissue breakdown
peroxisome
Detoxification
Prevent cells from being oxidized and damaged
The central body
Able to replicate itself and participate in cell division activities
Flagella and cilia that produce cells
Cytoskeleton - microfilaments, microtubules
Microfilaments: microtubules that power cell movement
microtubules
Made of microscopic proteins
Support and maintain cell shape
Also involved in cell differentiation, migration, and deformation
cell nucleus
Is the control center of cell genetics, metabolism, growth and reproduction
Composed of nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin and nuclear matrix
nuclear membrane
controlled exchange of substances
Participate in the synthesis of biological macromolecules
nucleolus
Important assembly site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
Related to protein synthesis
Chromatin and chromosomes
carrier of cellular genetic material
Composition is nucleic acid
Normal chromosome number is constant
cell proliferation
The process of increasing the number of cells through cell growth and division is cell proliferation.
Classification
Amitosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
cell proliferation cycle
The process that a cell goes through from the end of the last division to the end of the next division is called the cell proliferation cycle.
Classification
Interval (longer time)
Mainly DNA is replicated
Early stage of DNA synthesis (G1 phase)
DNA synthesis phase (S phase)
Late stage of DNA synthesis (G2 phase)
Cells stop dividing (G0 phase)
Division phase (shorter)
Early stage
The dye system gradually condenses and condenses into chromosomes
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus gradually disappear
medium term
Chromosomes form equatorial plates
later stage
The cells elongate toward the poles and gradually narrow in the middle
Late period
Chromosomes revert to chromatin and the nucleolar nuclear membrane reappears