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Medical Psychology-Abnormal Psychology
This is a supplementary content: a mind map of abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology, also known as abnormal psychology, refers to abnormal changes in an individual’s psychological processes and psychological characteristics.
Edited at 2024-03-03 15:21:55- cáncer de pulmón
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
- diabetes
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
- sistema digestivo
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
Medical Psychology-Abnormal Psychology
- cáncer de pulmón
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
- diabetes
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
- sistema digestivo
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
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- Outline
Supplementary content: Abnormal psychology
concept
Abnormal psychology, also known as abnormal psychology, refers to abnormal changes in an individual's psychological processes and psychological characteristics.
Normality and abnormality or abnormality in psychology and behavior are relative, and in most cases are just different degrees.
In a broad sense, it refers to any psychological process or behavior that deviates from normal.
Clinically, the narrow concept of abnormal psychology is used
In a narrow sense, it refers to "psychological disorder". Due to organic or functional damage, the individual is unable to act in accordance with the methods recognized by society, so that the individual's behavior is incompatible with social life.
Basic characteristics of abnormal psychology
① Irrationality of psychological reactions ② Incoordination of psychological processes ③ Instability of personality characteristics
VS Psychiatry
Abnormal psychology: Study of abnormal psychology from a psychological perspective
Psychiatry: the study of abnormal psychology from a medical perspective
Criteria for Judgment of Abnormal Psychology (Key Points)
statistical standards
Derived from the results of psychometric measurements of normal psychological characteristics
Determine whether the psychological characteristics are normal based on the degree to which they deviate from the mean (those distributed on both sides of the normal curve)
Preliminary screening, for reference only
social adaptation standards
Measure by social norms and examine whether psychology and behavior conform to social norms
Affected by different eras, regions, social cultures and customs, we cannot treat it statically
empirical standards
medical standards
Pathological psychological phenomena: the basis of pathological anatomy or pathophysiology (eg, brain electrical changes, etc.), that is, the existence of symptoms and causes
Standardization is more objective
Have measurable biological standards
Neurosis and personality disorders lack measurable biological indicators
Three main classification systems
ICD-11
World Health Organization
DSM-Ⅴ
American Psychiatric Association
CCMD-3
China
Common psychological disorders (select multiple choice questions)
neurosis
It is a group of mental disorders that mainly manifests as anxiety, depression, fear, obsessive-compulsive, hypochondriacal symptoms, or neurasthenic symptoms. The symptoms have no verifiable organic disease as the basis and are not commensurate with the patient's actual situation. However, the patient feels painful and powerless about the existing symptoms, has complete or basically complete insight, and the course of the disease is often protracted. It has a personality basis and its onset is often affected by psychosocial (environmental) factors.
①Anxiety disorder
General anxiety disorder (GAD)
The most common manifestations of anxiety disorders
It is a chronic anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and significant nervousness, accompanied by autonomic nervous system excitement and excessive vigilance.
Afraid all day long
Anxiety Disorders: Theory and Treatment
Behaviorist Perspective: Learned Anxiety
Cognitive Perspective: Overestimating Threat
Psychoanalytic perspective: arising from unconscious internal conflicts. The cause of a patient's anxiety can often be traced back to childhood.
Neuroscience Perspectives: Genetic Studies, Genetic Susceptibility; Role of Neurotransmitters
panic disorder
It is an acute anxiety disorder characterized by repeated and significant autonomic symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, and tremors, accompanied by a strong sense of dying or losing control, and fear of unfortunate consequences (panic attacks).
Panic attacks can be misdiagnosed as heart disease
②Phobia
The patient has strong fear of certain objects or situations, accompanied by obvious anxiety symptoms, and actively adopts avoidance methods to relieve this anxiety. The patient knows that the fear is irrational and unnecessary, but cannot control it, causing it to affect his normal activities.
It is a neurosis with phobia as its main clinical manifestation.
The object of fear can be single or multiple
Classification of phobias
agoraphobia
The most common is fear of certain environments, such as squares, crowded public places, and closed environments.
social phobia
Mainly, almost uncontrollable induction of immediate anxiety attacks in social situations, and persistent and obvious fear and avoidance of social situations
specific object phobia
Intense, irrational fear or aversion to a specific object or highly specific situation
treatment method
Behavioral therapy: the first choice for treating phobias
Psychoanalysis: Analyze to find the "root cause" of the patient's unconsciousness, and explain it to the patient to "understand" it, thereby achieving therapeutic effects.
Drug treatment: reduce mood and conduct behavioral training.
③Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessive thinking and compulsive behavior are the main clinical manifestations
Characterized by the coexistence of conscious compulsion and counter-compulsion
Although patients experience that these thoughts or impulses originate from themselves and try their best to resist, they are still unable to control them. The strong conflict between the two makes them feel great anxiety and pain, affecting social functions.
treat
Drug therapy: Clomipramine is the treatment of choice Systematic desensitization therapy, aversion therapy Cognitive therapy can enable patients to have a correct and objective understanding of their own personality characteristics and diseases, to have a correct and objective judgment of the surrounding environment and reality, to correct obsessive personality, not to aim too high, and not to strive for perfection too much, so as to reduce imperfections. feel.
④Hypochondriasis
A type of somatoform disorder
It refers to a patient who is worried or believes to have one or more serious physical diseases. The patient complains of physical symptoms and repeatedly seeks medical treatment. Although the medical examination shows negative results and the doctor gives a medical explanation that there is no corresponding disease, the patient's concerns cannot be dispelled, often accompanied by anxiety or depression. .
mood disorder
Also known as affective mental disorders, it refers to a group of diseases caused by various reasons and characterized by significant and lasting changes in emotion or mood. Clinical features: ① Mainly elevated or depressed mood, often accompanied by cognitive and behavioral changes ② The degree of severity varies. ③ Most of the disease is intermittent, with a tendency to relapse. ④ Mental activity is basically normal during the intermittent period, and some may have residual symptoms or become chronic.
①Depression
"Three low" symptoms: depressed mood, slow thinking, reduced activity
Core symptoms: depressed mood, decreased interest, anhedonia
Associated symptoms: anxiety, self-blame, sleep disturbance, decreased instinct
wake up early
Course of disease: 2 weeks in line with the standard, with impairment of social functions
Depressed patients are at high risk of suicide
②Mania
"Three highs" symptoms: elevated emotions, racing thoughts, and increased activities;
Associated symptoms: exaggerated ideas and delusions, decreased sleep, and heightened instincts
Course of disease: 1 week in line with the standard, with impairment of social functions
③Bipolar disorder
personality disorder
It refers to a mental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence (before the age of 18) because the personality obviously deviates from normal, making it difficult to adapt to normal social life.
① Paranoid personality disorder
Suspicious, stubborn
Distrusts others and interprets others' motives as malicious; pathologically suspicious; may blame others for his own mistakes and seek to control those around him
② Schizotypal personality disorder
Characterized by peculiar ideas, behaviors, and appearance and clothing, emotional indifference, and obvious flaws in interpersonal relationships.
Weird speech, excessive anxiety, strange beliefs, erratic behavior
③ Antisocial personality disorder
ruthless
Such as fighting, cheating and voyeurism, and lack of remorse; tend to be consistent and extremely irresponsible; may abuse spouse and neglect children
Lack of real insight, irresponsibility, and strong ability to conceal
④ Histrionic personality disorder
Extreme dramatics and attention-seeking behavior
strong emotional expression
Self-centeredness and excessive concern about one's appearance
Feel uncomfortable if not noticed
Frequent inappropriate sexual temptations and easily influenced by others
The speech is unfocused and lacks details.
⑤ Narcissistic personality disorder
arrogant
⑥ Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Striving for perfection
⑦ Dependent personality disorder
Excessive need for care from others
Psychosexual disorders
sexual dysfunction
sexual perversion
fetishism cross-dressing disorder pedophilia Exposure syndrome sadist sexual masochism Voyeurism Friction
gender identity disorder
transsexualism
other obstacles
eating disorder
Including anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa, neurotic vomiting
addiction