MindMap Gallery Microbiology bacteria mind map
This is a mind map about bacteria. The main contents include: bacterial structure, bacterial morphology, and definition. Hope this mind map helps you!
Edited at 2024-03-03 01:10:13El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
bacteria
definition
Prokaryotes with short and slender cells, simple structure, and tough cell walls that mostly reproduce by binary fission and are highly watery.
bacterial morphology
basic form
spherical
Features: Diameter 0.2~2um
Fungi: Monococcus, diplococcus, Streptococcus IV, Sarcina, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus
Rod-shaped
Difference in aspect ratio (usually written as width * length)
longobacterium
Brevibacterium
thallus edge
Flat truncated type, blunt round type, pointed type
Spiral
Features
When writing length*width, only the length within one radian is allowed.
type
Vibrio
The curvature of the cells is less than one week
spirillum
spirochetes
special form
Caulobacter
Star-shaped bacteria
square bacteria
filamentous bacteria
abnormal form
Features: Can return to normal form when environmental conditions return to normal
Causes
Unpleasant physical and chemical conditions hinder the normal development of cells
Incubation time is too long
cellular senescence
nutritional deficiencies
Excessive accumulation of metabolites
bacterial structure
basic structure
bacterial structure
cell wall
Features: The outermost layer of bacterial cells is 10~80nm thick and accounts for approximately 10~25% of the dry weight of the cell. Bacterial cell walls are more contractile than plant cells
Classification
Gram-positive bacteria (G)
Features: single layer, last 20~80nm
composition
peptidoglycan
Features: A type of polymer complex unique to prokaryotic microorganisms
structure
main chain
Can be broken down by lysozyme
Composition: N-acetamide muramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine are connected to each other through B(beta)-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
Peptide tail: can be decomposed by penicillin (but only useful for G, not G-, because G- has less cell wall peptidoglycan content)
Peptide bridge: can be broken down by cephalosporin
teichoic acid
Features: G unique ingredients
Structure: A polymer composed of ribitol or glycerol residues connected through phosphodiester bonds. If acidic substances
Function: Located in the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall, it combines with the cell membrane and cell wall peptidoglycan to longitudinally strengthen the structural connection between the cell wall and the cell membrane, enhances the negative charge content on the cell membrane surface, and is conducive to the absorption of cations.
Gram-negative bacteria G-
structure
outer wall layer
Thickness: 8~10nm
composition
Phospholipids
outer membrane protein
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
G-unique ingredient, complex composition, differs due to different strains of bacteria
structure
O-specific side chain
core polysaccharide
Lipid A: bacterial endotoxin
inner wall layer
Thickness: about 1~3nm
Composition: 1-2 layers of peptidoglycan
Features: low degree of cross-linking, loose (there are no peptide bridges between some peptide tails, and the peptide tails are directly connected)
Gram stain of bacteria
principle
The cell wall peptidoglycan content and porosity of G and G- are different, which results in different decolorization effects and different staining effects during alcohol decolorization, thereby distinguishing G and G-
process
Crystal violet (primary dye) dyeing
Both G and G- turn purple
Add iodine solution (mordant) dropwise
Iodine solution will combine with crystal violet to form a complex agent that can make bacteria appear purple-black. This complex agent can combine with G to prevent it from being decolorized, and at the same time prevent G from being stained again during counterstaining.
Ethanol (decolorizing agent) decolorization
If the thickness of the G cell wall prevents the extravasation of the compound formed in the previous step, it will not be depigmented. If the G- cell wall is thin, it will be depigmented.
Safranin (counterstain) counterstain
G-is safranin red; G is purple which is the color of crystal violet combined with iodine solution.
Function
Maintain the normal shape of the bacteria, be tough, and resist mechanical damage
Barrier for the exchange and transport of substances inside and outside the cell (preventing the entry of macromolecular substances)
Cell growth and division, necessary for transport
Related to bacterial antigenicity, pathogenicity and sensitivity to antibiotics and phages
Prokaryotic microorganisms lacking cell walls
Formed in the laboratory or in the host
Wall-deficient mutation (genetic): L-type bacteria
G-, G cell wall deficient genetic strains
Form: highly polymorphous, varying in size
Stainability: uneven coloring, Gram staining results are similar to G-
Growth requirements
Sensitive to osmotic pressure, has high nutritional requirements and cannot grow on ordinary media.
Cultured on hypertonic serum medium, growth is slow and three types of colonies are formed
Manual wall removal
Basically eliminated: Protoplast G
G After treatment with lysozyme or penicillin, spherical cells without cell wall are formed.
Partially removed: spherical body G-
Formed by natural evolution: Mycoplasma
cell membrane, endomembrane system
Composition: 20~30% phospholipid, 60~70% protein
structure
phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophilic end: glycerol C3
Hydrophobic end: hopanes
protein molecule layer
Integrin: involved in transporting substances
Peripheral proteins: involved in enzymatic reactions
Function
selective transport of matter
energy conversion place
Receiving and transmitting chemical signals inside and outside the cell
Participate in the synthesis of cell wall materials (such as peptidoglycan, capsule, lipopolysaccharide <LPS>)
cytoplasm
Definition: A general term for all translucent, gelatinous, and granular substances coated by cell membranes except for the nuclear area, with a water content of approximately 70%.
Element
Enzymes and intermediate metabolites, nutrients and organic macromonomers, etc.
Particle inclusions
pellet storage
Carbon source/energy
Glycogen, fat granules, starch granules
Intracellular carbon storage form, energy
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, cyanobacteria, etc.
Poly beta hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
Features: non-toxic, plastic, easily degradable
Medical plastics, biodegradable plastics, agricultural mulch films
Azotobacteria, Alcaligenes, Enterobacteriaceae, etc.
Sulfur particles
The storage form and energy source of sulfur accumulated in the cells of autotrophic sulfur bacteria
Purple sulfur bacteria, Thiobacterium thioides, Thiobacillus burnetii, etc.
Nitrogen source
Phycocyanin: cyanobacteria
Phycoalbumin: cyanobacteria
Phosphorus source
metachromatic granules
Polymetaphosphate, phosphorus\energy reserve form
Dye red-purple with methylene blue or toluidine blue (Bacillus diphtheria\Yersinia pestis)
Helicobacter forfiuensis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
magnetic particles
Found in aquatic bacteria and magnetotactic bacteria
Shape: square, rectangular, spiny
Structure: Film-like structure of coated Fe₃O₄ crystal particles
Function: Diversion and migration along the geomagnetic field
Magnetotactic movement, swimming towards the slightly itchy environment of the mud and water interface that is most beneficial to cells
Ribosome
All cells (except mature red blood cells and plant sieve tube cells)
Proteins can be synthesized using mRNA, which is also composed of RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments)
Thylakoid, carboxysome (a few bacteria)
Prokaryotic and plasmid
Pronucleus (pseudo-nucleus or nuclear region)
Feulgen staining shows purple areas of indefinite shape
No specific structures such as nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, and nucleoli
Circular and dsDNA are tightly wound, twisted and folded into spheres, rods and dumbbells (electron microscope). DNA is 0.25~3mm long.
Function: Load genetic information and determine the main shape
Plasmid
Plasmid: Covalent circular dsDNA that replicates independently of the bacterial chromosome
Molecular weight: 1——200×10⁶Da
Function: Contains a few or hundreds of genes
Controlling the expression of certain minor shapes in bacteria
Status: free, integrated
special structure
capsule (sugar)
Definition: A structure composed of a colorless, transparent and viscous substance outside the cell wall of certain bacteria
Composition: polysaccharide, polypeptide or protein (varies by bacteria)
Characteristics: Difficult to be stained, mostly observed by negative staining method
Function
Maintain moisture and prevent dehydration and dryness
Extracellular storage of nutrients
Protect bacteria from damage and enhance pathogenicity
Surface adhesion (caries, bacterial jelly group bacteria purification of sewage)
flagellum
Definition: Long, curved filamentous structures on the surface of certain bacteria
form
way of birth
Classification
single
bushy
Zhou Sheng
structure
matrix (located on the cell membrane)
Hook-shaped sheath: (outside the cell wall)
flagellar filament
Function: sports
Bacterial movement speed: 20~80um/s, up to 100um/s; (3000 times body length/min)
When the flagellum rotates counterclockwise, the bacterium moves forward in a straight line; on the contrary, it tumbles (short turning movement)
When flagellated bacteria move, the two movement states alternate.
Flagellated bacteria can only move with the help of flagella
pili
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sexual hair
spores