Social psychology is a modern social science that studies human social psychology and social behavior.

It is determined by the complexity of the binary juxtaposition of the two analytical concepts of social psychology and social behavior/determined by the complexity of the constraints

Social psychology (social behavior), psychology is regarded as implicit phenomenon, and behavior is regarded as explicit process

Internal and external factors (individual himself and social and cultural environment)

It is determined by the different levels of interpretation caused by the different composition forms of the material bearers - people - (both individual and group)

Subject to many factors such as society, culture and personality

Social psychology: the psychological activities of individuals or groups in social situations.

Social behavior: the external behavior of individuals or groups in social situations.

Psychologists focus on the individual (derived from instinct or social influences)

Sociologists focus on groups (group interactions explain human behavior)

Ross the pioneer of cluster behavior, Mai Dugu’s personal behavior

Research objects include individuals as well as group perspectives

Social psychology takes all human responses to social stimuli, including implicit processes and external events, as its own research objects

Subjects who respond to social stimuli include not only individuals living in groups, but also groups composed of individuals of varying sizes and degrees of structure.

The social psychological and social behavioral responses of individuals or groups are affected and restricted by the living environment

Chinese social psychology attaches great importance to the active role of social psychology and social behavior

The subject or material bearer is human (under historical conditions)

is how people respond to a variety of simple or complex social stimuli (continuum and awareness)

Fundamentally controlled by the social and cultural environment (situation and environment)

On the one hand, it is controlled by the social and cultural environment; on the other hand, as an active human subject, it also reacts against the social and cultural environment.

A group composed of people, who are the main subjects of society

Not an isolated individual, but an individual with production relations as the dominant relationship

It is historical and concrete, there is no abstraction

Social life is essentially practice

Including spiritual culture (the core is values), normative or institutional culture, and artifact culture

The basic ways and means of survival are the products or creations of the subject’s life

There are levels

A complete and unified dynamic system that includes various intrinsic characteristics of physiological, psychological and social significance.

Provides robust, consistent patterns of response in sociocultural situational behavior

Contains elements unique to an individual and elements common to a group

In the growth and historical development, the research object - the marginal nature of social psychology and behavior

It has completely new nature and characteristics and is not absolute relative to other disciplines.

Social psychology is an applied discipline with a certain degree of theoretical foundation. The theoretical nature of social psychology

The direct connection with social life provides natural convenience for the application of social psychology in daily life.

Social psychology with two orientations, psychology and sociology, are also the two most important forms of existing social psychology.

There is also a less established social psychology approach - cultural anthropology or cross-cultural social psychology.

(Supplementary) Basic characteristics of each research orientation: Social psychology with a psychological orientation: mainly in the laboratory)

Social psychology with a sociological orientation: (through survey methods), Social psychology with a cultural anthropology orientation: (cross-cultural field research methods)

(Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts on social existence)

Ancient Greece--Western European speculative philosophy in the first half of the 19th century

Two Basic Clues Theory: Ancient Greek Socrates' "Utopia" and Aristotle's Society Originates from Human Nature

Unable to prove one's hypothesis empirically

Mid-19th century to early 20th century (empirical methods are the mainstream paradigm)

Background: theoretical basis (other disciplines) and practical basis (required)

1908 Mai Dugu's "Introduction to Social Psychology" and Ross's "Social Psychology: An Outline and Data Collection" were born.

The beginning of Allport's "Social Psychology" in 1924, marking the birth of experimental social psychology

German ethnopsychology (original), French mass psychology, British instinctive psychology with McDugu as the most typical, and American social psychology (four main theoretical forms)

Since the 1920s

Description to experience, qualitative to quantitative, theory to application

social constructionism, discursive psychology

The base for production and development, occupying the leading position in development,

In the 1960s, the research orientation tilted toward psychology, with overemphasis on practical methods and neglect of theory.

The base of its emergence and development, the process of "migrating to the United States" and the process of America's feedback to Europe

In 1946, Sun Wenwen wrote "Social Psychology", a landmark event

In 1982, the Chinese Social Psychology Research Association was established as President Chen Yuanhui.

Introduction - eclectic - transformation

With the changes of the times, continuous improvement

The understanding of subject research objects in methodology is called metatheory

The metaphysical thoughts that expound the necessity and possibility of the existence of this subject belong to the content of scientific philosophy research.

Plekhanov based on Marx and Engels

Individualism - a research paradigm centered on intergroup relations "and" the analytical paradigm of Marxist social psychology/

The analytical paradigm or perspective is called the social structure-centered social psychological analysis paradigm.

Adam Smith’s principle of individualism (social nominalism), principle of holism (social realism) Durkheim

Survey method, on-site research method, document research method

Laboratory experiment (excellent: designable and controllable, deficient: external validity, Hawthorne effect)

Natural Experiment Method (Excellent: Reality, Consistency, Disadvantage: Difficult to control and limited)

Simulation experiment method (simulating reality as needed) - Internet social experiment method

Questionnaire survey method (designing a questionnaire according to a certain research purpose under the guidance of a certain theoretical framework)

Self-filling and filling in on behalf of others, individual and collective

Field research methods (interview methods (individual and collective) and observation methods (direct and indirect, ‘non’ participation, ‘non’ structure) p66-67

Literature research method (collecting and analyzing various materials according to your own research purposes) ‘reference or information’

Radical economics, intrusion of capabilities (analytical paradigm to explain problems, specific research methods and techniques)

‘Prisoner’s Dilemma’ and ‘Nash Equilibrium’ are the most basic and most famous

The former is the starting point, and the latter is the basic analysis derived from the analysis of the former.

Combine behavioral methods, experimental environment, writing rules, and computer programs

A new paradigm of data-driven scientific research is born

Three aspects of particularity, the courage to explore the unknown and the pursuit of truth

"Deception" is an indispensable part of the experiment. Without "deception", this experiment cannot be carried out.

intangible or tangible

Environment = natural environment and social environment (direct)

The environment determines (Ma believes that people have agency and transcend nature to create the environment)

Culture VS Personality, Anthropology VS Psychology, Personality is composed of traits or tendencies

Culture is an amplification of a person's personality, and cultural patterns can also be referred to by personality to some extent.

Psychoanalytic Theory Freud (Unconscious Drive-Survival-Self and Racial Continuation (Drive Libido)

Behaviorism theory (changing the environment shapes behavior), social learning theory (personality is influenced by many parties), humanistic/existentialism (individual's own potential)

Carter Eysenck

"Chinese Characteristics"

Focus more on the study of individual consciousness growth, or a person's understanding and experience of himself

Beginning at three months, self-awareness appears at 15 months

Essence: id, self, ego. Cooley's "Me in the Looking Glass" and Rogers' "Self-Concept"

The Western self emphasizes personal independence. No matter how close the relationship is, personal independence, including privacy, needs to be preserved.

Eastern culture has no ego and emphasizes relationships, individual responsibility and collective glory.

Under the influence of society, individuals learn social knowledge, master social skills, build social experience, and through continuous selection and construction by themselves, form a psychological-behavior model recognized by a certain society and become a member of society.

Man is the sum of all social relations

Family, school, peers, career, media, social and cultural environment

Erikson's eight stages, Piaget's "schema"

Insufficient, excessive or failed socialization

Resocialization and reverse socialization

Emotionality and emotional neutrality, collective orientation and self-orientation, particularity and universalism, innateness and acquisition, diffusion and specificity

Mask: developed according to the needs of the character

Role: When a mask is stable and has a class concept, it becomes a role

Interaction: symbolic interactionism (emphasis on the human perspective)

Status: Putting the role into the social structure and connecting it with the position creates social status.

Norms: normative system, each role has corresponding norms

Expectations: The "script" of role-playing comes from the expectations of others, and social expectations constitute role norms.

Structural role theory: Role is a dynamic manifestation of status, social role is social position, and social structure is the distribution of social position (category and level parameters)

Role process theory: externalized self-adaptation, social role conforming to others’ expectations

Role performance theory: Interacting parties’ assumptions, understandings, and performers’ self-presentation strategies

Favor and face are the two most common concepts in Chinese social interactions.

The way in which favors are maintained between people who have a relationship is mainly reflected in the frequent exchange of tangible and intangible resources between the two parties in order to obtain the firmness and longevity of the relationship.

Face, face, face, face, etc. are metonyms for the word face

Face, favor, relationship with guanxi

Relationship: interaction ~ de-roleization, personal, exchange, emotional

The meaning of relationship focuses on expressions that focus on kinship and geographical location, and also refers to the close ties developed with the help of certain organizational methods, such as classmates, colleagues, or comrades-in-arms.

Difference: The two can sometimes overlap, and human feelings and face promote each other.

Face and renqing promote each other. Face can form renqing, and renqing can also produce face. Face is reflected through renqing, and renqing can also be reflected through face.

Favors are reciprocal and owed to each other, favoring a one-on-one relationship in exchange. Face, if there is a famous person in the family or hometown, the people in the family will benefit from him without the approval of the famous person.

Needs: those conditions necessary for an individual to survive and develop

Drive: an internal state of arousal or tension based on needs, an internal motivation that promotes organic activities to meet needs.

Motivation: the psychological process that causes and maintains organic activity and directs activity toward goals.

Social motivation: motivation caused by people’s social attributes and social needs

Five levels of needs: physiological, safety, belonging and love, respect, and self-actualization

Main human needs: achievement, power, affinity

Three basic psychological needs identified in self-determination theory: competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Motivation is a complete personal motivation, motivation is the entire psychological process

Motives are universal to a certain extent

Motivation is directed, strong, and linked to goals

Motives are complex and diverse

Instinct theory: Social motivation is genetic (the basic source of human emotions, desires and wishes)

Mai Dugu believes that all human actions are driven by instinct.

Freud regarded sexual instinct as the fundamental source of all human behaviors (sexual instinct (libido), ego instinct, death instinct)

Lorenz (attack, food, sex, and escape constitute the four instincts of animals)

Bandura behaviorism proposes three forms of reinforcement: direct, vicarious, and self

Attribution theory: People make attributions for their own or others' actions, and the way they make attributions affects their subsequent motivations.

Three dimensions: source of cause, controllability, and stability

Instinct theory believes that aggression is part of human nature, innate and inevitable

Berkowitz divided aggression into hostile sexual assault and instrumental sexual assault

Bass’s three classification dimensions, physical-verbal, active-passive, direct-indirect

Aggressive behavior is divided into three types: antisocial, missocial, and permissive.

Causes of Violation: Social Learning Theory

Violating learning mechanisms: coercion and observational imitation

How to reduce aggression

Prosocial behavior refers to all social behaviors that are positive, constructive, and helpful to others

Altruism emphasizes doing things that benefit others without considering personal gains and losses.

Mechanisms include (kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity and even group selection

Achievement motivation is the motivation of individuals to actively work hard to achieve higher achievements and achieve established goals.

Atkinson proposed the expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation in 1957.

Factors influencing power motivation ① Gender ② Personality (authoritative personality and social dominance orientation) ③ Power distance can divide culture into vertical culture and horizontal culture

Cause: fear and social control (Winter)

Affinity motivation refers to people's tendency to seek to maintain warm, harmonious and friendly relationships with others, originating from dependence

Factors affecting affinity: situation, emotion, birth

Understand the relationship between personal achievement motivation and national development

Handle personal relationships with others and the collective

Reduce violence and enhance social harmony

Meaning: An individual interacts with others, observes, understands and obtains relevant information, and based on this, forms certain impressions and opinions, makes inferences and evaluates the behavioral characteristics of others or oneself, the characteristics of the relationship between others and oneself, and the process of making inferences and evaluations

Characteristics: Interactive, Selective, Defensive and Gestalt

Meaning: A set of organized and structured cognitions

Personal schemas: ways of classifying and describing others

Self-schema: the way an individual categorizes and describes himself or herself

Role schemas: ways of classifying and describing different social groups and roles

Social event schema: a "script" of ways of classifying and describing an event or sequence of events

Structure: Contains both abstract, general components and concrete, special components

Function in the process: It can help memory, can lead to automatic inferences, and can increase the emotional content of information and illustrations.

Priming effect: Previous schemas are reactivated in new situations to explain relevant information or events (showing an important feature of social cognition - implicitness)

Individual Differences

Formation: In interactions or contact with others, an individual integrates the perceived personality characteristics about the meaning of others to form evaluative judgments and opinions.

Consistency: A strong desire to coordinate and organize various information

From the shallower to the deeper: not only observing behavior, but also discovering inner characteristics (core part of personality)

Average mode: average value of features

Increase mode: depends on the sum of feature values

Weighted average mode: All feature values ​​are averaged and important features are given greater weight.

Two types of weighted information: negative negative information and antecedent information

The cognitive object affects and controls the perceiver through verbal or non-verbal information expression, causing it to form a specific impression.

It is the lubricant of interpersonal relationships

Past experience: past experience becomes the existing concept in the mind and participates in the current cognition and inference process

Values: The greater the value of the object, the more sensitive the individual is to it.

Affective states: the study of ‘pure’ cognition turns to the study of cognition with emotions and motivations

Social judgment and cognitive strategies (affecting information processing strategies)

Charm: It is the appearance and behavior, as well as the inner character.

status role, reputation

Situational effects: Contrast effect (convergence to other objects, exaggerating differences) and assimilation effect (convergence to other objects, reducing differences)

The halo effect is also called the halo effect: a person is given certain positive characteristics, and he may be given more positive characteristics (negative halo effect)

Positivity bias: When the perceiver talks about the perceived person, he or she expresses more positive comments than negative comments.

Similarity hypothesis: judging others by oneself or comparing oneself to others

Implicit personality theory: influences on our social cognition (related biases)

Primacy effect: the process of recognizing others. The initial impression formed is not easy to change, which affects the subsequent interpretation of relevant information.

Recency effect: the psychological effect of a newly discovered stimulus

Stereotype: a generalized and fixed view (once formed, it is very stable and difficult to change)

The process of identifying the true cause of behavior and determining its nature

Naive psychology: Why attribution? How to attribute?

Two needs (the need for consistent explanation and the need for control environment)

Two factors (internal factors and external factors) and two principles (covariation principle and exclusion principle)

Correspondence inference theory: dispositional and situational attributions

A way for people to attribute behavior, a process of establishing a corresponding relationship between a person's behavior and his unique intrinsic attributes

Influencing factors (free choice of behavior, social desirability of behavior and social role-restricted behavior)

Three-dimensional attribution theory: attribution under uncertain conditions, accumulation of information in multiple events

Three outcomes (actor, objective stimulus, situation or relationship)

Basic information (differentiation, consistency and consistency information)

Wiener's attribution theory: (three dimensions: internal and external sources, stability, controllability)

Overestimating the role of actor-intrinsic factors

Differences in attribution between actors and observers (differences in the amount of information and focus of perception)

defensive attributions

Ignore consistency information

Miller: An individual's good or bad behavior is attributed to personality traits

Menon: America tends to internal attribution, Japan tends to situational attribution

Weiss: US primary control, Japanese secondary control

Morris and Kaiping Peng: China tends to situational attribution, and the United States tends to personality attribution

The core connotation of attitude is emotion

Social attitude is a kind of psychological component composed of individual cognition, emotion and behavioral intention. It is connected with people's concept consciousness and is influenced and guided by the inner psychological organization and system.

Important characteristics (①stability and durability ②immanence ③objectivity ④direction and drive)

The composition contains three elements or components: rational, emotional and intentional.

Main dimensions: relevance, consistency, and centrality

The function of reflecting reality, the function of cognitive schema, the function of behavioral guidance, the function of social evaluation and influence

Analyze and dissect the problems formed, focusing on the objective social environment and social practice and the individual's inner psychological activity process

Concept: refers to changes in the attitudes that an individual has formed or previously held.

Attitude change stage: shaping and debugging stage, debugging and identification stage and internalization and taking root stage

Message content and attitude change: Information source effect and sleeper effect

Persuasion communication and attitude change: subject, method and approach, object

Cognitive judgment and attitude change: Comparative judgment between new information and original information

Information processing and attitude change: central route information processing and peripheral route information processing

Four causes of cognitive dissonance: logical contradictions, cultural value conflicts, conceptual contradictions, and the combination of old and new experiences.

Attitude, behavior and environment: The relationship between attitude and behavior is affected by various characteristics and conditions of the attitude and behavior themselves. The correlation between different attitudes and behaviors is also different. Different behaviors are also related to different attitudes.

The relationship between attitude and behavior is affected by environmental conditions and factors. The influence is often expressed as pressure, restraint and coercion on attitude and behavior, which prevents the normal expression of attitude and behavior.

The relationship between attitude and behavior forms various connections and patterns due to the influence of environmental factors. In response to different environments, people will behave differently according to their attitudes.

The relationship between attitude and behavior will also be affected by the things involved in the value and some circumstances of the object itself, which vary from person to person and from situation to situation.

Rational behavior model: Human behavior is directly controlled by the behavioral intentions in people's minds, and they act according to behavioral intentions, plans and wishes. Therefore, people's behavior is determined by behavioral intentions.

Stable and important attitudes: (determines people's behavior)

Strongly held attitudes: exhibit varying degrees of intensity

A conscious attitude: an attitude of self-awareness and autonomy

Attitudes that pass through behavior: mainly about specific behaviors

Behaviors that have been tested and confirmed in practice, behaviors that resolve attitude contradictions, behaviors that are ineffective and useful

Prejudice is a negative, negative cognitive judgment and evaluation (filter) held against another person or group. Stereotype: contains many aspects and is basically a product of cognition

Discrimination: behavioral manifestations including hostility, contempt, rejection and other attitude tendencies (rooted in prejudiced attitudes)

Generation and formation: The influence of external objective environmental factors is an important factor in the generation and formation of prejudice.

The cognitive psychological process of categorization is one of the intrinsic causes of bias.

The psychology of group belonging and identity is also an intrinsic reason for inducing partiality.

Conflict and competition between groups are also factors that trigger prejudice

prejudice and discrimination

Gender: Subjectively, it is closely related to people’s gender concepts and social cultural traditions. It is not only people’s cognitive deviations and illusions, but also the deep root of social inequality (men and women)

Community: some groups of people in society based on their own characteristics

Main manifestations: Having an obvious sense of superiority towards one's own group, and belittling and stigmatizing other groups

② Exclusion and hostile discrimination against other groups of people (creating social antagonism and conflict)

Class: socioeconomic status, etc. (depending on class construction and integration)

Methods to eliminate prejudice: expanded social identity, direct and extended contact, cognitive intervention

Education to develop social norms that help eliminate prejudice

political revolution

Industrial Revolution

ideological and cultural revolution

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The so-called cultural shock refers to people who originally lived in a certain culture that they have become accustomed to, or face a completely different culture due to sudden contact, or due to rapid and huge changes in their own culture. In short, in a situation where I was almost involuntarily thrown into a completely new cultural environment, it was a huge psychological impact and shock.

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Everyone appreciates their own beauty, beauty is the beauty of others, beauty and beauty are shared, and the world is unified.

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First of all, recognize and accept the inevitability of this difference, and regard the existence of this difference as a normal and reasonable phenomenon, just like treating the difference between men and women as a natural phenomenon. Secondly, neither side regards the other as an alien opponent with hostile emotions, nor does it regard the other as a negation of itself, but as a complement to its own shortcomings. The older generation absorbs new knowledge and skills from the younger generation, and the younger generation inherits traditional life wisdom and social experience from the older generation. After all, people of different eras must and can only live in the same world, and must and can only adapt to the world they jointly constitute.

prefigurative culture

Synonymous with culture

Post-figurative culture

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Features

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Swarm behavior: spontaneous, unorganized group behavior that is not subject to normal social norms

divided into group behavior and mass behavior

Spontaneity and disorganization, emotion (key role), blind obedience, deviance, transience and transition

environment, anomie, relative deprivation, social control

Deindividuation: due to the individual's identification with the group or self-identification with the group, the individual loses control over himself and loses his individuality, and becomes consistent with the group

Reasons (anonymity, diffusion of responsibility, anomie)

Contagion theory: An impulse or behavioral pattern spreads rapidly among the masses like a plague. "Cycle reaction theory"

Emergency Norm Theory "Temporary Norms in Emergency Situations"

Value Accumulation Theory "Additional Value"

Links (structural encouragement, structural pressure, formation of general beliefs or common emotions, triggering factors, action mobilization, social control mechanisms)

rational choice theory

Mimetic Theory (Basic Law of Social Development and Existence)

Crowd: A group of people who are able to interact face to face and who are often irrational due to some common center of attention or a common center of attention temporarily gathered together

The masses are divided into coincidence, routine, expression and action

Riot refers to an open violent activity in which a crowd gathers

Riots are violent and destructive collective actions (lack of structure, purpose, and unity)

Triggered by social group conflicts, it is a social event consisting of a certain number of people gathering to achieve a certain purpose.

Type; rights protection behavior (main types), social anger incidents, social riots

Root cause: conflict of interests between different groups and classes - inequality leads to relative deprivation

Prompt response, information disclosure, consultation and communication

Fashion characteristics: novelty, luxury, conformity

Fashion: the initial form of fashion

Fashion Madness: Sometimes fashion can develop into an extreme form

Panic: In a state of crisis, the public's uncooperative and irrational psychological and behavioral responses to real or imagined threats.

Training for panic situations (reduced to a minimum)

The former is unintentional to spread rumors, and the latter is intentional to create, but both are scattered and anonymous.

The relationship between the two: ① Social emergencies can easily trigger messages and rumors (anomie - attention - speculation) ② Danger and threat pressure lead to ③ Normal information channels are blocked or information is not trusted

Allport: Rumor intensity = importance of the event × degree of ambiguity of the situation

trend (flatten (generalize), sharpen (emphasize), assimilate)

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Interpersonal behavior: the interaction of two or more individuals, determined by their interpersonal relationships and individual characteristics

Intergroup behavior: Consisting of interactions between two or more individuals, determined by their social group and social category status or qualifications

Turner's Contrast Principle

Authoritarian personality model and scapegoat model

Self-deprivation: People perceive that their actual situation is worse than expected, and people begin to rebel.

Collective deprivation: dissatisfaction when the actual situation of the in-group is perceived to be worse than expected.

The impact of group deprivation is greater than that of self-deprivation, double, with deprivation having the greatest impact

Group interests: real or imagined dangers to group safety (Sharif Summer Camp Study)

Group formation and intergroup competition

Consequences of intergroup competition (in-group bias and out-group hostility)

Transcendent goals and conflict reduction

The Theory of Realistic Group Interest Conflict: A Summary Appraisal

Minimalist group paradigm: Examining group bias and discrimination through social classification formed by the simplest design and operation

Five core constructs (social identity, social categorization, social comparative identity construction and identity deconstruction)

Three action strategies of identity deconstruction and identity reconstruction (individual mobility, social creativity, social competition)

The construction of linguistic identity and responses to status inequality in intergroup contexts

Integrates stereotypes (intergroup cognition), prejudice (intergroup emotions) and discrimination (intergroup behavior)

Four combination methods in two dimensions (active promotion, active damage, passive promotion, passive damage)

The inevitable ontological dilemma of death

Self-esteem is called an anxiety reliever (high self-esteem can effectively alleviate death anxiety)

Specific policies (integrated housing programmes, abolition of discriminatory and segregationist employment practices, introduction of reasonable desegregated education and leisure facilities)

Expand your network (from direct to indirect contact)

Four Categories of Public Exposure (Information, Observation, Interaction, and Group Qualification)

Imaginary contact (mentally simulating active contact with an outgroup)

Broadening social identity (cross-group qualifications and manipulating social categorization)

Decategorization: the individualization model

Organizing in the field: A model of common in-group identification

Subfanization: a unique social identity model

Cultural consciousness means that people living in a certain culture are self-aware of their culture and do not blindly retrograde or worship foreigners. In the positive sense, cultural consciousness not only emphasizes cultural autonomy, but also emphasizes diversity, while in the reverse sense, it rejects cultural hegemonism and ethnocentrism.

Meaning: Individual (an individual who has the universal natural and social attributes of human beings and acts in a unique way)

Group (an existence composed of individuals that interact continuously and have norms and goals)

Distinctive signs of a group: whether members of the group have certain psychological connections and whether they have common needs and common goals

Group characteristics: continuous interaction, certain behavioral norms, consistent goals, relatively clear membership relationships

The relationship between individuals and groups: ①Interdependence, unity of opposites

Intergroup relations: the social psychological relationship between groups

Four classifications: ① According to the principles and methods of group formation (formal groups and informal groups)

② Based on the interactive relationship characteristics of group members (primary groups and secondary groups)

③According to the positions and attitudes of group members (in-group and out-group)

④ Belonging according to membership status (affiliation group and reference group)

Social identity theory (composed of three processes: social internalization, social comparison, and positive differentiation) diagram

Lifestyle and lifestyle, competition and cooperation

Necessity (it is important to maintain the survival of individuals and races)

Group norms: refers to the behavioral standards established by the group (the scope of what is acceptable and tolerated)

Function (integrity, standardization of cognition, directed behavior)

Main influencing factors (individual characteristics, group composition, group tasks, geographical environment, organizational norms, group performance)

Two important studies on group norms: the moving light effect and the line segment experiment

Herd behavior: Refers to the phenomenon in which an individual tends to be consistent with the majority of the group in perception, judgment and behavior due to the influence and pressure of the group.

Social influence: changes in personal beliefs, attitudes, emotions and behaviors under the influence of others, of which attitude changes are typical

Divided into social facilitation, social suppression, and social loafing

Two theories of social inhibition: "Preponderance Response Reinforcement Theory" and "Distraction Conflict Theory"

The “collective effort model” of social loafing

social fueling

social loafing

Social opinions, trends, hints, messages, etc.

Group structure: The components of a group include the formal leadership roles that make up the group, normative status, group size, group composition, etc.

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment (How Good People Become Evil - The Power of Situation)

Level of social norm acceptance (conformity, compliance, and obedience)

Reasons for conformity: behavioral reference, fear of deviation, personal adaptation

Compliance has two psychological effects: "threshold effect" and "face-saving effect"

Milgram's obedience (the degree and prevalence of normal people's obedience to authority is far beyond people's imagination)

Five stages of development (formation stage, shock stage, normative stage, task execution stage, discontinuation stage)

Function (sense of belonging, identity, social support)

Basic elements of group decision-making: decision-maker, decision-making goal, decision-making plan, state of nature, decision-making results, decision-making rules)

Group decision-making: an overall process in which multiple people participate in decision-making analysis and decision-making.

Simple majority rule, majority rule, Condorcet rule (pairwise comparison)

Group decision-making techniques (brainstorming, nominal group technique, Delphi method, electronic conferencing method)

Benefits (use advantageous knowledge and information to form feasible solutions, improve the scientific nature of decision-making, smooth implementation of decisions, and have the courage to take risks)

Groupthink: Highly cohesive groups believe that members tend to firmly support group decisions. Other feasible solutions that are inconsistent with this are ignored

Group polarization: social comparison promotes polarization and debate and persuasion interact to promote and

Risk transfer: Group decision-making is more risky than individual decision-making

Group cohesion: refers to the cohesive force formed by the group's attraction to members, members' centripetal force toward the group, and the closeness of interpersonal relationships among members.

feature

Leadership type (source of power): charismatic, transactional, transformational

Lewin divided leadership into three types: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire

Fiedler's leadership is divided into: relationship-oriented and work-oriented (both are determined by group atmosphere, work structure and position rights factors)

Two important leadership theories: Tannen, Nanny and Schmitt’s leadership continuum theory and Kaman’s leadership life cycle theory

Group cohesion factors (leadership style, group size, consistency of members, satisfaction of group members’ needs, external non-influencing factors)

1. Two motivations that affect people’s social interactions: affinity and intimacy and need

2. The development process of good interpersonal relationships: from superficial contact to intimate integration process

3. Interpersonal relationships are divided according to the degree of emotional integration: mild involvement, moderate involvement, and deep involvement.

Master-slave, cooperation, competition, master-slave-competition, master-slave-cooperation, competition-cooperation, master-slave-cooperation-competition, irregular type

Interpersonal relationships are the emotional mutual liking, psychological interdependence, and dynamic mutual need between individuals and others in interpersonal relationships. It is a positive and affirmative form of interpersonal relationships. (Emotion is the core of interpersonal attraction

Interpersonal relationships are the psychological relationships established between people in common activities to seek to satisfy various needs. Interpersonal relationships are the main form of social interaction.

①Proximity (ease of availability and interoperability)

② Physical attractiveness ③ Similarity and complementarity ④ Reciprocity

Similarity and complementarity

Why familiarity promotes interpersonal attraction

There are two types of rewards that influence attraction: direct rewards from interacting with others and indirect rewards from interacting with others

self-disclosure

Lust (sexual passion and desire), Intimacy (sincerity and understanding), Commitment (dedication and devotion)

According to the above theory, six kinds of love are obtained: perfect love, affection, romantic love, partner's love, empty love, and obsessed love.

Six types of love; passion, play, companionship, practicality, madness, and selflessness

Infant attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment

A psychological state based on positive expectations of the other party's intentions and behavior, being willing to expose one's weaknesses to the other party, and not worrying about being exploited.

That is, general trust refers to the trust of strangers or most people in society

Emphasizing that society is composed of interacting individuals (rooted and experienced world) Mead's "Psychic Self and Society"

A theory of social interaction that uses performance and metaphor to illustrate people in everyday life (Goffman) "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life"

Focus on the methods and techniques people use to create impressions in social situations, Garfinkel

Basic ideas: expediency, limitations, indexicality, reflexivity and explainability

It is an activity of interaction and mutual influence between individuals, individuals and groups, and groups and groups in order to meet certain needs.

Both parties in the interaction have similar actions, and their actions are interdependent and restrictive.

Exchange: Paying a price and getting rewarded in the interaction process

Proposition (success, excitement, value, deprivation of satisfaction, violation of approval, rationality)

Cooperation: individuals and groups working together to achieve common goals (formal, informal and symbiotic cooperation)

Competition: the desire to be recognized above others (social dilemma)

A social dilemma, also known as a social dilemma, is a situation in which individual interests conflict with group interests.

Cooperation and competition factors (group characteristics, group reward structure, group size and mutuality, external situational and cultural characteristics, values, personality, attributions, problem solving skills, empathy)

Conflict: Inner conflict and people arguing and quarreling

Classification (in terms of results: constructive and destructive, in terms of function: functional conflict and dysfunctional conflict)

Formative process stages (opposition or inconsistency, cognitive and emotional involvement, behavioral intentions, behavior, consequences)

Social interaction when the relationship between the two parties is unequal

Hint: Under non-confrontational conditions, it has an impact on the psychology and behavior of others.

Source (self (negative and positive) and other cues)

Mode of delivery (direct, indirect and counter-suggestion)

Influencing factors (age and gender, psychological state, personality tendencies, situations, influence, stimulation characteristics)

Imitation: the matching and copying of behavior between the observer and the modeler

Awareness level (conscious and unconscious imitation (adaptive and selective imitation))

Influencing factors (social situation, demonstrator, information content and delivery method, cognitive level and experience of the imitator)

Contagion: the process by which emotions or behaviors are transmitted from one individual to another

Emotional contagion and behavioral contagion, inter-individual contagion and inter-group contagion

Essence (emotional communication, basic conditions of similarity)

Social interaction and interpersonal communication provide the necessary information for people to maintain the value of social behavior and become a tool for information exchange, exchanging what is needed, and establishing and maintaining mutual connections.

Social interaction is the process in which people act on others or respond to the actions of others in a mutual or exchange manner. (Sociology)

Interpersonal communication refers to the process of contact between people in society. That is, the process of transmitting information, communicating ideas, and communicating emotions between people. (psychology)

Elements: (sender, receiver, information: information is the content of communication, information channel: is the carrier of information (in what way and what tools are used to transmit it),

Interpersonal communication refers to the process of contact between people in society, that is, the process of transmitting information, communicating ideas, and exchanging emotions between people.

One-way and two-way

Ascending, descending and parallel

Instrumental communication and emotional communication

False interdependence communication: means that each person only responds to himself and rarely depends on the reactions of others

Asymmetric interdependent communication: one party uses the other party's reaction as the basis for his or her own behavior, while the other party mainly responds to his or her own plans

Reaction-dependent communication; respond to what is happening in front of you. Respond to the other party's reaction.

Interdependent communication; both parties participating in the interaction can not only act according to their own plans, but also take into account the meaning of the other party's behavior

Formal communication: information transfer and exchange through clearly defined channels

Informal communication: including informal contacts between employees, socializing, dinner parties, chatting, and even the spread of rumors

Oral communication: using language as a medium Written communication: using words as a medium

Formal network communication; Y-shaped, chain-shaped, round-shaped, wheel-shaped

Informal network communication: cluster type, rumor type, single line type, accidental type

Language communication refers to communication achieved through the language symbol system and word symbols as the carrier, which mainly includes oral, written and electronic communication.

Language communication is a purposeful social activity. Communicators use language strategically to achieve the intended communication goal.

Non-verbal communication, also known as the non-verbal special system, refers to the transmission of information through facial expressions, physical objects, environment, etc. in interpersonal communication.

Mutual understanding = tone of voice (38%) + expression (55%) + language (7%)

Voiced non-speaker intercom: including auxiliary language system and language-like system.

Silent non-verbal communication: Dynamic silent non-verbal communication (Facial expression: Aikman Body language:)

Static silent non-verbal communication (static posture: spatial distance: intimate, personal, social, public distance proposed by Hall)