This group dispute the usefulness of globalization as a sufficiently precise analytical concept.

Lastly, this group of critics disputes the novelty of the process while acknowledging the existence of moderate globalizing tendencies.

Craig Calhoun

Susan Strange

Robert Holton's

The first is to challenge the academic community to provide additional examples of how the term ‘globalization’ obscures more than it enlightens.

The second avenue for improvement involves my own suggestion to complement the social-scientific enterprise of exploring globalization as an objective process with more interpretive studies of the ideological project of globalism.

System

Steady advances in computer technology technological advances have broken down many physical barriers to worldwide communication which used to limit how much connected or cooperative activity of any kind could happen over long distances

‘Globalization has happened because technological advances have broken down many physical barriers to worldwide communication which used to limit how much connected or cooperative activity of any kind could happen over long distances

‘Globalization lies at the heart of modern culture; cultural practices lie at the heart of globalization.’ The thematic landscape traversed by scholars of cultural globalization is vast, and the questions they raise are too numerous to be completely fleshed out in this short survey.

Central questions

Economic accounts of globalization convey the notion that the essence of the phenomenon involves ‘the increasing linkage of national economies through trade, financial flows, and foreign direct investment by multinational firms.

Thus expanding economic activity is identified as both the primary aspect of globalization and the engine behind its rapid development.

The world economy in the late 1990s appeared to be even less integrated in a number of important respects than it was prior to the outbreak of World War I.

Immanuel Wallerstein (1979) and Andre Gunder Frank (1998),. World-system theorists argue that the modern capitalist economy in which we live today has been global since its inception five centuries ago

More recent studies produced by world-system scholars (Amin, 1996; Carroll et al., 1996; Robinson,2004) acknowledge that the pace of globalization has significantly quickened in the last few decades of the twentieth century.

World economy is not a truly global phenomenon, but one centered on Europe, eastern Asia, and North America.

Exaggerated accounts of an iron logic of economic globalization’ tend to produce disempowering political effects.

It would therefore be entirely possible to argue for the significance of globalization even if it can be shown that increased transnational economic activity appears to be limited to advanced industrial countries.

Overly high standards for the economy in order to be counted as ‘fully globalized’.