Galería de mapas mentales Pathology - Tumor
Pathology exam key points, summarizing the growth and spread of tumors, Tumor grade and stage, The impact of tumors on the body, the naming of tumors, etc.
Editado a las 2024-01-12 15:15:10,One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
tumor
concept
Characteristics of neoplastic hyperplasia
Tumor hyperplasia is inconsistent with the body and is harmful rather than helpful.
(mono) clonal hyperplasia
Have abnormal morphology, metabolism and function, and have lost the ability to differentiate and mature to varying degrees.
It grows vigorously and has relative autonomy. The progeny cells do not need the action of tumorigenic factors and are all tumor cells.
Tumor shape
naked eye
number
size
shape
Polypoidal, papillary, villous, lobulated, cystic, infiltrative, ulcerative
color
texture
relationship with surroundings
under the mirror
substance
tumor cells
The morphological structure of tumor cells and their products are the main basis for judging the direction of tumor differentiation and classifying tumor tissue.
Tumor parenchyma is the main factor affecting tumor biological behavior
Interstitial
Connective tissue, lymphocytes, blood vessels
Support and nourish tumor parenchyma and participate in tumor immune response
Promote its growth, differentiation and migration
tumor atypia
differentiation of tumors
undifferentiated tumors
heterogeneity of organizational structure
Tumor cells have lost their normal arrangement, their polarity has disappeared, and their relationship with the stroma is disordered.
cellular atypia
abnormal cell volume
Cell morphology pleomorphism
tumor giant cells
nuclear
polymorphism
Increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Deep nuclear staining
Nucleoli are hypertrophied and enlarged in number
Increased mitotic figures, especially pathological mitotic figures
cytoplasm
Decreased cytoplasm, basophilia
Interchange
significance
It is an important indicator to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors.
Benign tumors have small atypia, while malignant tumors have large atypia.
Benign tumors usually only have structural atypia, while malignant tumors have obvious structural atypia and cellular atypia.
The fundamental difference lies in biological behavior
Tumor growth and spread
grow
Growth rate
Benign growth is slow and malignant growth is fast
growth pattern
Expansive growth
Mostly benign tumors
A complete fibrous capsule can be formed around the tumor (the tumor can be pushed when palpated, making it less likely to relapse after surgery)
infiltrative growth
Mostly malignant tumors
Hemangioma/Skin surface band tumor is a benign tumor
There is no capsule and no obvious boundary with adjacent normal tissue (the tumor is fixed during palpation and is prone to recurrence after surgery)
exophytic growth
Both benign and malignant
When malignant, infiltration to the base at the same time
malignant ulcer
Spread (=malignant tumor)
Local infiltration and direct spread
Example: Advanced cervical cancer can spread directly to the rectum and bladder
transfer
lymphatic metastasis
The most common way cancer metastasizes
Cancer in the upper outer quadrant of the breast often metastasizes to the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes
Hematogenous metastasis
The most common way sarcoma metastasizes
The lungs and liver are the most common, and the spleen and striated muscle are the least susceptible.
Systemic circulation tumors → lung metastases → left heart → brain, bone, kidney
Portal vein tumor → liver metastasis
form
Multiple, well-circumscribed, scattered nodules
Central cancerous umbilicus
Implantation transfer
Intra-abdominal gastric mucinous carcinoma is the most common
Krukenberg tumor (metastatic tumor of ovary)
Implantation in the ovaries may manifest as bilateral ovary growth, with diffuse infiltration of mucus-rich signet ring cell carcinoma seen under the microscope.
Important factors related to growth and diffusion
growth kinetics
tumor cell doubling time
Growth Fraction (GF)
The creation and loss of cancer cells
Tumor vascularization
Tumor cells themselves and inflammatory cells can produce angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial cell growth factor VEGF)
One of the prerequisites for the growth, invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors
Hot Research: Inhibiting Tumor Angiogenesis
Tumor evolution and heterogeneity
tumor evolution
Increased growth rate, infiltration into surrounding tissues, and distant metastasis
Tumor heterogeneity
Cells with a growth advantage and strong invasiveness overwhelm cells with no growth advantage and weak invasiveness
Tumor grade and staging
Grading (degree of differentiation)
Grade I, well differentiated, low grade malignancy
Grade II, moderately differentiated, moderately malignant
Grade III, poorly differentiated, highly malignant
Stage (degree of infiltration)
TNM staging system
T primary tumor (1-4)
N Lymph node involvement (0-3)
M distant transfer (0-1)
The impact of tumors on the body
benign tumor
oppression, obstruction
special
Leiomyomas protruding into the intestinal lumen - intestinal obstruction
Benign intracranial tumors-increased intracranial pressure neurological symptoms
Uterine submucosal fibroids-endometrial erosion, bleeding and infection
Pituitary somatotroph adenoma-giantism, acromegaly
malignant tumor
local hazard
Compression and obstruction
infiltration
secondary changes
Intractable pain
systemic effects
fever
hormone imbalance
Cachexia
ectopic endocrine tumors
For example: lung squamous cell carcinoma secretes HCG, renal cancer secretes PTH, and prostate cancer secretes ADH.
paraneoplastic syndrome
significance
Indicates tumor, early detection
It’s not metastasis, don’t give up treatment
The difference between benign tumors and malignant tumors
Tumor naming
benign tumor
Site Tissue Source Tumor
malignant tumor
Originates from epithelial tissue
Site Tissue Source Cancer
Originates from mesenchymal tissue
Site Tissue Source Sarcoma
Special case
XX blastoma
Usually malignant
Benign: bone~, cartilage~, muscle~, fat~
Malignant XX tumor
Malignant melanoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant teratoma
Malignant tumors ending in "tumor" and "disease"
Seminoma, dysgerminoma, lymphoma, leukemia
XX tumor disease
neurofibromatosis
Naming people (all vicious)
Hodgkin lymphoma
multicomponent tumors
teratoma
Various types of tumors
epithelial tissue tumors
coated epithelial tumor
benign - papilloma
Origin-Coating epithelium
To the naked eye - papillary, with a pedicle at the base connected to normal tissue
Under the microscope - the axis is the stroma and the surface is the substance
ending
Cancer of the external auditory canal, penis, bladder, and colon
malignant
squamous cell carcinoma
Origin and location
Squamous epithelium: skin, esophagus, cervix and vagina
Phosphate site: bronchus, bladder and renal pelvis
naked eye
cauliflower or ulcer-like
under the mirror
Keratinized beads (cancer beads), intercellular bridges
Grading
Level I
Highly differentiated, keratinized beads with clear intercellular bridges
Level II
Moderately differentiated, oligokeratinized beads Intercellular bridges
Level III
Poorly differentiated, no keratinized beads Intercellular bridges
basal cell carcinoma
origin
Basal cell layer of skin, face of elderly people
form
Ulcers that don't heal for a long time
prognosis
Slowly infiltrative growth, generally does not metastasize → low malignancy, sensitive to radiotherapy → good prognosis
Urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma)
origin
Bladder, renal pelvis, ureter transitional epithelium
under the mirror
Cancer cells are arranged in multiple layers with obvious atypia.
clinical
Painless hematuria, often metastatic
glandular epithelial tumor
benign - adenoma
Tubular adenoma and villous adenoma
Predisposed areas
colon, rectum
naked eye
polypoid, pedunculated
under the mirror
tubular or villous
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) almost always undergoes malignant transformation
cystadenoma
Predisposed areas
ovary
type
serous
Unilocular, often with papillary structures forming
mucus
Multiple rooms
fibroadenoma
Predisposed areas
mammary gland
naked eye
nodular or lobulated
under the mirror
Simultaneous proliferation of breast duct epithelium and fibrous tissue
Pleomorphic adenoma
Predisposed areas
parotid gland
naked eye
Nodular and encapsulated
under the mirror
Glandular epithelium, myxoid and chondroid tissue
It is easy to relapse after resection, and a few may become malignant.
Malignant—adenocarcinoma
tubular adenocarcinoma
Gastrointestinal, gallbladder, uterus
papillary adenocarcinoma
Thyroid, ovaries
solid cancer
Breast (poorly differentiated)
mucinous carcinoma
Gastrointestinal
Naked eye - jelly-like
Under the microscope - signet ring shape, mucus accumulation
Precancerous diseases/lesions
Colorectal adenoma (familial 100% malignant transformation, followed by colon adenoma and villous adenoma)
Breast ductal epithelial atypical hyperplasia
Chronic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia
ulcerative colitis
chronic ulcers of the skin
leukoplakia
Hyperplastic polyps, inflammatory polyps, and juvenile polyps are not precancerous lesions
dysplasia
Grading
Carcinoma in situ CIS
mesenchymal tissue adenoma
benign tumor
Lipoma (most common)
Hemangioma (invasive growth)
lymphangioma
leiomyoma
enchondroma
malignant tumor
Osteosarcoma