Inelastic scattering of photons

Vibrational energy levels of molecules

Discovery by Sir C.V. Raman in 1928

Development of the technique over time

Incident photon and molecule interaction

Energy shift due to molecular vibration

Allowed transitions in Raman spectroscopy

Polarizability changes during vibration

Monochromatic light for excitation

Different wavelengths and power considerations

Dispersion of scattered light

Detectors used (CCD, PMT, etc.)

Sample preparation techniques

Types of samples analyzed (solid, liquid, gas)

Range of wavenumbers typically analyzed

Factors affecting spectral resolution

Improvement techniques (e.g., signal averaging)

Effects of laser power and exposure time

Correlating Raman peaks with molecular vibrations

Use of databases and literature for identification

Raman intensity and concentration correlation

Calibration curves and standard samples

Identification of polymers and composites

Characterization of crystalline and amorphous materials

In vivo and in vitro analysis of tissues and cells

Pharmaceutical applications (e.g., drug identification)

Pollutant detection and identification

Monitoring of chemical reactions

Suitability for in situ and realtime analysis

Fluorescence interference

Sensitivity to certain sample types

Enhancement of Raman signal using metal surfaces

Applications in trace analysis

Combining Raman with scanning probe microscopy

Highresolution imaging at nanoscale

Study of dynamic processes and kinetics

Pumpprobe techniques for temporal resolution