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MindMap Gallery VEDIC AGE (1500 BC-600 BC)

VEDIC AGE (1500 BC-600 BC)

The VEDIC AGE mind map covers the features of Aryan culture, the Early Rigu-Vedic Period, and the Later Vedic Age. Aryan culture is renowned for its unique religion, social structure, and artistic characteristics; the Early Rigu-Vedic Period witnessed the emergence of religious literature, social changes, and agricultural development; while the Later Vedic Age focused more on philosophical discussions, social structural adjustments, and political changes, laying an important foundation for later Indian civilization.

Edited at 2024-12-06 04:50:11

Anurag Kamal

Recent works View more works>>

VEDIC AGE (1500 BC-600 BC)
The VEDIC AGE mind map covers the features of Aryan culture, the Early Rigu-Vedic Period, and the Later Vedic Age. Aryan culture is renowned for its unique religion, social structure, and artistic characteristics; the Early Rigu-Vedic Period witnessed the emergence of religious literature, social changes, and agricultural development; while the Later Vedic Age focused more on philosophical discussions, social structural adjustments, and political changes, laying an important foundation for later Indian civilization.

VEDIC AGE (1500 BC-600 BC)

Anurag Kamal

Recent works View more works>>

VEDIC AGE (1500 BC-600 BC)
The VEDIC AGE mind map covers the features of Aryan culture, the Early Rigu-Vedic Period, and the Later Vedic Age. Aryan culture is renowned for its unique religion, social structure, and artistic characteristics; the Early Rigu-Vedic Period witnessed the emergence of religious literature, social changes, and agricultural development; while the Later Vedic Age focused more on philosophical discussions, social structural adjustments, and political changes, laying an important foundation for later Indian civilization.

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VEDIC AGE (1500 BC-600 BC)

FEATURES OF ARYAN CULTURE

SOURCE → 1. RIG VEDA 2. ZEND-AVESTA (sacred book of zoroastrianism-IRAN) 3. ILIAD & ODYSSEY (Greek epic poems)

Domestication of Horse Rigu- veda → 1. ASVA 215 times 2. GO ( cow ) 176 times 3. VRSABHA (bull) 170 times

1. Use of spoked wheal 2. Use of Horse-drawn chariot In war 3. Pit dwellings & use of Birchwood to cover it 4. Funeral practices_ Both Burial & Cremation 5. use of fire Alters 6. Animal Sacrifice → Horse & buffalo 7. Juice of Soma plant fundamental offering In vedic Sacrifices

THE SWASTIKA 1. Earliest → around 10,000 BCE, found on a late Paleolithic figurine of a bird carved from mammoth ivory in Mezine, Ukraine 2. Aryans adopted it around 1200 BC

EARLY RIGU- VEDIC PERIOD (1500 BC-1000 BC )

GEOGRAPHY

1. Aryan Resided in a region " SAPTA-SINDHU" → SINDHU, JHELUM, CHENAB, SUTLEJ, RAVI, BEAS , SARASWATI 2. Never exposed to sea 3. Mention of 21 rivers → SINDHU (73 times), SARASWATI (Most Pious)

ECONOMY

1. Primarily Pastoralists 2. Agriculture (Primarily Barley) was scarce → No knowledge of Iron, Only Copper was. known 3. Other occupation → Hunting, Carpentry, Weaving, metal smelter.

TRADE & TAXATION 1. Trade → Use of Barter system, cow being most favoured medion of Exchange 2. Taxation → No official Collector of tax People's voluntary offering to chief → BALI Chief also gave gift to his clansmen during occasions → i.e. economy called Gift Economy

SOCIETY

Structure of family →KULA(Family) smallest unit → Head KULAPA →GRAMA aggregate of several family → Head GRAMINI →VIS headed by VISPATI → JANA (Largest) → Head RAJAN OR GOPATI → Position Not Hereditary

1. KINSHIP ( system of social relationships that organizes individuals into families and wider social groups ) was basis of the social Structure 2. Control over territory & Kingdom was not yet established

Nature of society → Tribal & largely EGALITARIAN → No rigid Caste division → Patriarchal society → 3 main category warriors, priests & ordinary People → Aryans distinguished themselves from other group, whom they Called DASAS (Dark people, worship Phallus ) & DASYUS ( original Inhabitants of country) & PANIS (wealthy In Cattle treasure & Involved In trade)

POSITION OF WOMEN

1. Held respected position & enjoy certain freedom 2. Monygamy prevailed 3. Access to education & participate In tribal assemblies 4. Women Engaged In vedic studies →" BRAHMAVADINIS" → Notable Figures LOPMUDRA, GOSHA, APALA.

RELIGION

1. Rooted in Materialism Primary Focus → Physical protection, wordly prosperity. 2. Religion was sacrificial → Yajnas performed For Invoking gods to bestow blessing , seeking victory etc.

GODS

Worshipped the Natural Forces around them

Major Deities 1) INDRA → Most Important God [250 hyms (most)] 2) AGNI → Priest of Gods 3) VARUN→ Punish Immoral people with pasha 4) SOMA → God of Plants

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

Tribal Assemblies → Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata, Gana ⇒ Served as a forum for various aspect of life

Assistant of Rajan 1) PUROHIT → Two Important purohit Vasistha & Vishiva mitra 2) Senapati 3) Vrajapati → Enjoy authority over Pasture land 4) Graminis

No permanent standing Army

DASARAJNA (Battle of ten kings) 1) Fought on bank of River Ravi 2) Fought Btw Bharat tribe & five Aryan tribe 3) Bharata tribe → Victories

LATER VEDIC AGE (1000 BC-600BC)

GEOGRAPHY

A) Aryans expanded eastward (till Bihar) & southward B) Mention of Arabian sea, Bey of Bengal & Vindhya range C) Reference to Nalmada, gandhak & Chambal rives D) Division of India Into three main region 1. ARYAVARTH (North) 2. MADHYADIESH (Central) 3. DAKSHINA PATH (South)

EECONOMY

Agriculture become Primary activity due to 1) Adoption of Iron → use to clear dense Forest 2) Settlement In High Fertile ganga- Yamuna doab & mid gangetic valleys 3) Irrigation & use of manure 4) Domestication of animals

Variety of Crops →Wheat, rice, lentil, pulses, sesame, sugarcane etc.

Trade & Commerce 1) use of Barter System 2) Transportation → Ox-drawn wagon, Chariot, Ships, boats

Emergence of town Trade& commerce → Emergence of large settlements s took the Characteristics of town & were "proto- urban"Centres

Taxation Regular tax (BALI) was collected to Maintain political & administrative Structure

SOCIETY

Family & GOTRA 1) family fundamental unit headed by GRIHPATI 2) People began to practice GOTRA EXOGAMY

Varna system

Ashram System .

MARRIAGE

1) Marriage generally occurred within the same caste (endogamy), 2) Anuloma - higher-caste male with lower-caste female 3) Pratiloma - lower-caste male with higher-caste female 4) Practices like dowry became more prevalent 5) Concept of ASTA-VIVAHA was prevalent

1)Polygamy: Practiced by kings and the upper classes 2)Monogamy: Predominant among common people. 3) Widows faced restrictions on remarriage 4) Same gotra marriages were strictly prohibited

POSITION OF WOMEN

Started Deteriorating 1) Women had limited access to education 2) Women were primarily confined to domestic roles as daughters, wives, and mothers 3) Women were expected to follow Pati Parameshwar ideology, treating their husbands as supreme. 4) Women generally had no rights to inherit property 5) women’s mobility and decision-making powers were restricted. 6) Women participated in household rituals but under the guidance of their husbands.

Prominent Women 1)Gargi: A philosopher who participated in debates 2)Maitreyi: A scholar mentioned in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

RELIGION

Shift from Nature Worship to Ritualism [ Complex and elaborate rituals (Yajnas)] →Some Important YAJNAS - A) Rajasuya: Royal consecration ceremony. B) Ashvamedha: Horse sacrifice performed by kings to assert dominance. C) Vajapeya: Ritual to ensure power and vitality.

2) Rise of Priestly Class: Brahmins became the most powerful group due to their monopoly on knowledge and rituals. 3) Prajapati, Rudra, Vishnu (TRINITY) /Become extremely Important

Rise of Philosophical Thought → Later Vedic texts, particularly the Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and early Upanishads, introduced metaphysical concepts: Brahman, Atman, Karma

SHODASAKARMAS (16 Rituals) were expected to performed by an Individual to get salvation

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

Territorial Kingdoms

Tribal settlements (Janas) grew into larger, more organized territorial units known as Janapadas.

Kingship and Monarchy

1) Kings were seen as representatives of gods Kings began assuming grand titles 3) Kingship became hereditary,

Administration

The king became the central authority, responsible for governance, law enforcement, and protection.

King did not posses absolute & unchallenged authority.

Officials and Advisors: 1) Purohita: The royal priest, guiding the king in religious and administrative matters. 2) Senani: The military commander. 3) Gramani: The village headman who managed local affairs. 4) Sangrahitri: Treasurer, handling the kingdom’s wealth.

Traditional assemblies like Sabha (council of elders) and Samiti (general assembly) existed but were overshadowed by the king’s authority.

Military Organization

The king maintained a standing army, comprising foot soldiers, charioteers, and cavalry.

LITERATURE

SHRUTI

VEDAS

Rigveda (The Book of Hymns)

1) The oldest Veda, composed around 1500 BCE, primarily consists of 1,028 hymns divided into 10 Mandalas (books). 4) hymns are dedicated to natural deities 2) From (2nd to 7th) are called Gotra or Vamsha Mandals, combindely known as Kula grantha. 3) Mandal 1 & 10 were added at much later

The Purusha Sukta is a significant hymn found in the Rigveda (10.90). describe the creation of the universe and the social order (Origin of four varnas).

Samaveda (The Book of Melodies)

1Known as the “Veda of Chants,” it consists of 1,875 verses, most of which are borrowed from the Rigveda. Focuses on melodies (Saman) and chants used in sacrificial rituals.

GANDHARVA VEDA → Upveda attacked to it → Rules and suggestions for playing various instruments.

Chandogya and kane upanishad are embedded inside it

Yajurveda (The Book of Rituals)

1)A manual for priests performing ritualistic sacrifices (Yajnas). 2) Yajurveda samhitas are in pros and linguistically different from earlier vedic text

Divided into two parts: 1) Shukla Yajurveda (White Yajurveda): Organized and clear. 2) Krishna Yajurveda (Black Yajurveda): Mixed with explanations and prose.

Atharvaveda (The Book of Spells and Incantations)

1)A unique Veda focusing on everyday life and practical concerns like health, protection, and prosperity. 2) Reflects knowledge of medicine, agriculture, and magic rituals. 3) Contains hymns, charms, and spells to cure diseases, ward off evils, and secure success. 4) Highlights the evolution of Vedic thought to include folk traditions.

BRAHMANAS

Prose texts explaining the rituals and hymns of the Vedas.

A total of 19 brahmana texts have survived into modern times 1) Rigu veda → Aitareya Brahamana & Kaushitaki Brahmana 2) Atharva veda → Gopatha Brahamana

ARYANKAS

1) meant for those who have renounced worldly life and retreated to forests for meditation and spiritual pursuits. 2) texts mark the transition from the ritualistic Brahmanas to the philosophical Upanishads.

UPANISHADS

1) Upanishad means "sitting down near," signifying a disciple receiving knowledge from a teacher. 3) often rifered to as Vedanta ("end of the Vedas"). 2) Upanishads focus on profound philosophical ideas and spiritual teachings rather than rituals.

1) Over 200 ,but Only 108 are accepted 2) 10 are principle → ISHA , KENA , KATHA , PRASHAN, MUNDAKA (satyameva Jayate ) , MANDUKYA , TATTIRIYA , AITAREYA, CHHANDOGYA, BRIHADARANYAKA (OLDEST) 3) MUKTIKA Upanishad latest recorded by DARA SHIKOH In 1656

SMRITI

Vedangas (Auxiliary Sciences)

support the proper understanding, study, and preservation of the Vedas.

Six Vedangas → SIKSHA (Phonetics) teach correct pronunciation of Vedic hymns, KALPA SUTRA, NIRUKTA, CHHANDA, JYOTISHA, VYAKARANA

Puranas

1) The Puranas are a genre of ancient Hindu texts that focus on mythology, cosmology, genealogy, and religious teachings. 2) Stories of creation, destruction, and recreation of the universe. 3) Accounts of gods, sages, and kings.

Classification: 1) 18 Mahapuranas (e.g., Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, Bhagavata Purana, skanda purana (Longest), Markandeya Purana (Shortest) ). 2) 18 Upapuranas (minor Puranas).

Kavyas

RAMAYAN

1) composed by the sage Valmiki (Adikavi) around 7th to 4th BCE 2) Divided into 7 Kandas (books) 3) It inspired to Tulsikrit Ramayana ram charit manas in 1576 by Tulsi das.

MAHABHARAT

1) The Mahabharata, attributed to Vyasa, is the world’s longest epic 3) Divided into 18 Parvas (books), with over 100,000 verses. 2) Originally had 8800 verses

Upvedas (Subsidiary Vedas)

deal with applied sciences and practical knowledge, often considered extensions of the Vedas.

Types

1) Ayurveda → Originates from the Rigveda. → Focuses on: Prevention and cure of diseases through diet, yoga, and herbal medicines.

2)Dhanurveda. →Covers: Skills in archery and weaponry.

3)Gandharvaveda → Originates from the Samaveda. →Includes: Music (sangeet), vocal and instrumental. Dance (nritya) and dramatic arts.

4) Shilpaveda → Originates from the Atharvaveda. → Involves:Architecture and construction of temples and palaces. Sculpture and idol-making following Vedic principles.