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Classification of Photochemistry
In the classification of photochemistry, photoredox catalysis focuses on the design of catalysts for light-driven redox reactions and their application in synthetic chemistry, along with the study of reaction mechanisms. Photocycloadditions explore the types of reactions, conditions, and product structures. Additionally, primary photochemical processes, including light absorption, energy transfer, and photochemical reactions, are also crucial aspects of photochemistry research.
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Classification of Photochemistry
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Classification of Photochemistry
Primary Photochemical Processes
Excitation
Absorption of photons
Energy transfer to molecule
Photophysical Processes
Fluorescence
Emission of light
Return to ground state
Phosphorescence
Emission of light
Triplet state to singlet state transition
Internal Conversion
Nonradiative energy transfer
Vibrational relaxation
Intersystem Crossing
Singlet to triplet state transition
Change in spin multiplicity
Photochemical Reactions
Bond Cleavage
Homolytic cleavage
Heterolytic cleavage
Energy Transfer
Sensitized reactions
Quenching processes
Electron Transfer
Oxidationreduction reactions
Charge separation
Photoredox Catalysis
Single Electron Transfer (SET)
Oxidative quenching
Reductive quenching
Photocatalyst Activation
Excitation of catalyst
Formation of active species
Catalytic Cycle
Substrate activation
Product formation
Catalyst regeneration
Photocycloadditions
2+2 Cycloadditions
Formation of fourmembered rings
Examples: Dimerization of alkenes
4+4 Cycloadditions
Formation of eightmembered rings
Examples: Dimerization of anthracenes
2+2+2 Cycloadditions
Formation of sixmembered rings
Examples: Cyclotrimerization of alkynes
Photorearrangements
Sigmatropic Shifts
Migration of σbonds
Examples: Cope rearrangement
Norrish Type I Reactions
αCleavage of ketones
Formation of alkenes and aldehydes
Norrish Type II Reactions
Hydrogen abstraction
Formation of sixmembered ring intermediates
Photodecarboxylation
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Loss of CO2
Formation of radicals
Applications
Synthesis of alkanes
Formation of reactive intermediates
Photodehydrogenation
Hydrogen Abstraction
From substrates
Formation of radicals
Dehydrogenation Products
Formation of alkenes
Formation of aromatics
Photodimerization
2+2 Photodimerization
Formation of cyclobutane rings
Examples: Dimerization of cinnamic acid derivatives
Applications
Synthesis of natural products
Polymer crosslinking
Photoisomerization
CisTrans Isomerization
Change in geometry around double bonds
Examples: Isomerization of stilbene
RingOpening Reactions
Formation of openchain products
Examples: Photoisomerization of cyclobutenes
Chiral Photochemistry
Enantioselective isomerization
Circularly polarized light applications
Photocatalysis
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
Solid catalysts
Examples: TiO2 photocatalysis
Homogeneous Photocatalysis
Molecular catalysts
Examples: Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes
Mechanisms
Electron transfer processes
Energy transfer processes
Photobiology
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Role of chlorophyll
Photomedicine
Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Phototherapy for skin conditions
Photomorphogenesis
Lightinduced growth and development
Role of phytochromes and cryptochromes
Environmental Photochemistry
Photodegradation of Pollutants
Breakdown of organic pollutants
Role of sunlight in waste treatment
Ozone Layer Chemistry
Photolysis of ozone
Impact of CFCs and other pollutants
Atmospheric Reactions
Formation of smog
Role of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)