MindMap Gallery Signal transduction pathways regulated by hormones
Signal transduction pathways regulated by hormones involve the definition of signal transduction, hormone receptors, and second messengers. Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal (such as a hormone) into an intracellular response. Hormone receptors are located on the cell surface or inside the cell and bind specifically to hormones. Second messengers are molecules generated inside the cell in response to hormone binding, amplifying or relaying the signal.
Edited at 2024-12-17 02:39:01In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
Signal transduction pathways regulated by hormones
Definition of signal transduction
Conversion of extracellular signals into intracellular responses
Involves a series of molecular events
Hormone receptors
Membranebound receptors
Gprotein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Activation by hormone binding
Initiation of intracellular signaling cascades
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
Dimerization upon hormone binding
Autophosphorylation and activation
Intracellular receptors
Ligand binding in cytoplasm or nucleus
Direct regulation of gene expression
Second messengers
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Activation of protein kinase A (PKA)
Regulation of transcription factors
Calcium ions (Ca2+)
Activation of calmodulin
Regulation of calciumdependent kinases
Inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores
Activation of downstream signaling pathways
Intracellular signaling cascades
Mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway
Sequential activation of kinases
Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation
Phosphoinositide 3kinase (PI3K) pathway
Activation of protein kinase B (Akt)
Regulation of cell survival and metabolism
JAKSTAT pathway
Activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs)
Direct transcriptional regulation of target genes
Hormone regulation of specific processes
Metabolism
Insulin and glucagon regulation of glucose levels
Thyroid hormones affecting basal metabolic rate
Growth and development
Growth hormone and insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) promoting cell growth
Steroid hormones influencing sexual maturation
Stress response
Cortisol and adrenaline activating stress pathways
Modulation of immune system and energy mobilization
Integration and crosstalk
Multiple pathways interacting
Coordination of cellular responses
Prevention of conflicting signals
Feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback loops to prevent overstimulation
Positive feedback loops to amplify signals
Diseases related to signal transduction
Hormone resistance syndromes
Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes
Hormonesecreting tumors
Excessive hormone production leading to disease states
Signal transduction pathway mutations
Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer development