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Naming of organic compounds
The naming of organic compounds follows the IUPAC nomenclature, although many common names are also used. Functional group priorities are crucial in naming, determining the main structure and the order of substituents in the compound's name. Mastering these naming rules and principles is important for accurately identifying and naming organic compounds.
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Naming of organic compounds
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Naming of organic compounds
IUPAC nomenclature
Parent chain selection
Longest continuous carbon chain
Include all functional groups
Ignore substituents
Numbering the chain
Start from the end closest to a functional group
Numbering to give lowest locants to substituents
Substituent naming
Alkyl groups
Methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.
Functional groups
Hydroxyl (OH)
Amino (NH2)
Carbonyl (>C=O)
Prefixes and suffixes
Prefixes for substituents
Position indicated by number
Multiple substituents of the same type
Suffix for the main functional group
Alkane, alkene, alkyne
Alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid
Common names
Historical names
Based on source or discoverer
Benzene, toluene
Based on physical properties
Formaldehyde, acetic acid
Trivial names
Nonsystematic names
Often used for simple compounds
Methanol, ethanol
Cyclic compounds
Aromatic compounds
Benzene derivatives
Substituted benzenes
Chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene
Nonaromatic rings
Cycloalkanes
Cyclopentane, cyclohexane
Cycloalkenes
Cyclopentene, cyclohexene
Stereochemistry
Configuration
E/Z system for alkenes
Based on CahnIngoldPrelog priority rules
R/S system for chiral centers
Assigning priority to substituents
Conformation
Chair, boat, and twistboat conformations for cyclohexane
Gauche, anti, and eclipsed conformations for openchain compounds
Functional group priorities
Order of functional groups in naming
Carboxylic acids
Sulfonic acids
Aldehydes
Ketones
Esters
Amines
Alcohols
Alkenes and alkynes
Alkanes
Polyfunctional compounds
Combination of functional groups
Nomenclature rules for multiple functional groups
Carboxylic acids with alcohols (esters)
Aldehydes with alcohols (acetals)
Cyclic polyfunctional compounds
Hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in rings
Lactones, lactams
Hydroxy acids
Heterocyclic compounds
Rings containing noncarbon atoms
Oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Furan, pyridine, thiophene
Nomenclature of fused heterocycles
Indole, quinoline
Derivatives of natural products
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleic acids
Synthetic modifications
Derivatives with altered functional groups
Methylated, acetylated compounds
Abbreviations and acronyms
Commonly used in biochemical and pharmaceutical fields
NADH, ATP, DNA
Cisplatin, AZT, Tamiflu