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Fundamentals of Chemical Reactions
Fundamentals of Chemical Reactions cover the balancing of chemical equations based on the law of conservation of mass, reaction rates that describe the speed of chemical reactions, and energy changes during chemical reactions, including bond breaking and formation, as well as endothermic and exothermic processes.
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Fundamentals of Chemical Reactions
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Fundamentals of Chemical Reactions
Introduction to Chemical Reactions
Definition of Chemical Reaction
Transformation of substances
Formation of new substances
Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis
Combination of two or more substances
Decomposition
Breakdown of a compound into simpler substances
Single Displacement
Replacement of one element by another
Double Displacement
Exchange of ions between two compounds
Combustion
Reaction with oxygen resulting in heat and light
Balancing Chemical Equations
Importance of Balancing
Law of Conservation of Mass
Steps to Balance Equations
Write the unbalanced equation
Adjust coefficients to balance atoms
Verify the equation is balanced
Reaction Rates
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Concentration
Temperature
Surface Area
Presence of a Catalyst
Measuring Reaction Rates
Change in concentration over time
Volume of gas produced over time
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Exothermic Reactions
Release of heat
Negative ΔH (enthalpy change)
Endothermic Reactions
Absorption of heat
Positive ΔH (enthalpy change)
Activation Energy
Energy barrier to reaction initiation
Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions
Dynamic Equilibrium
Forward and reverse reactions at equal rates
Le Chatelier's Principle
Effect of change in conditions on equilibrium
Reaction Mechanisms
Elementary Steps
Individual steps in a reaction
RateDetermining Step
Slowest step controlling overall rate
Catalysis
Definition of Catalyst
Substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed
Homogeneous Catalysis
Catalyst in the same phase as reactants
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Catalyst in a different phase from reactants
Stoichiometry
Mole Ratios
Relationship between moles of reactants and products
Limiting Reagents
Reactant that determines the amount of product formed
Yield of Reactions
Actual vs. Theoretical yield
Reaction Types in Detail
Precipitation Reactions
Formation of an insoluble solid
Redox Reactions
Transfer of electrons
AcidBase Reactions
Proton transfer
Complexation Reactions
Formation of coordination complexes
RealWorld Applications
Industrial Processes
Largescale production of chemicals
Environmental Chemistry
Reactions affecting the environment
Biological Systems
Chemical reactions in living organisms