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Dye and pigment chemistry
Dye and pigment chemistry encompasses the classification of dyes, the chemical principles of dyeing processes, and the synthesis methods of dyes and pigments. From natural to synthetic dyes, from acidic to alkaline dyes, the interaction between dyes and fibers and their synthesis pathways constitute the core content of dye and pigment chemistry.
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Dye and pigment chemistry
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Dye and pigment chemistry
Introduction to dyes and pigments
Definition of dyes
Colored substances that impart color to materials
Soluble in water or other solvents
Definition of pigments
Colored materials that are insoluble in the medium they color
Used for their color and other properties such as UV protection
Differences between dyes and pigments
Solubility
Stability
Application methods
Classification of dyes
By chemical structure
Azo dyes
Contain one or more azo groups (N=N)
Anthraquinone dyes
Based on anthraquinone as the chromophore
Phthalocyanine dyes
Derived from phthalocyanine compounds
By application
Acid dyes
Used for protein fibers
Basic dyes
Used for acrylic and nylon fibers
Direct dyes
Applied directly to cellulosic fibers
Disperse dyes
Used for synthetic fibers like polyester
Chemistry of dyeing processes
Mechanisms of dye fixation
Adsorption
Dye molecules adhere to the surface of the substrate
Absorption
Dye molecules penetrate into the substrate
Covalent bonding
Formation of chemical bonds between dye and substrate
Factors affecting dyeing
pH
Influences the charge and solubility of dyes
Temperature
Affects the rate of dyeing and fixation
Time
Determines the completeness of the dyeing process
Pigment chemistry
Types of pigments
Organic pigments
Carbonbased compounds
Inorganic pigments
Minerals and metal compounds
Pigment properties
Color
The main attribute of pigments
Opacity or transparency
Ability to hide or show the substrate color
Lightfastness
Resistance to fading under light exposure
Chemical resistance
Resistance to chemicals and solvents
Synthesis of dyes and pigments
Organic dye synthesis
Azo coupling reactions
Formation of azo dyes by coupling diazonium salts with phenols or amines
Anthraquinone synthesis
Production of anthraquinone dyes by oxidation of anthracene
Inorganic pigment synthesis
Precipitation reactions
Formation of insoluble pigments by mixing soluble compounds
Solidstate reactions
Hightemperature reactions to form pigments
Applications of dyes and pigments
Textile industry
Dyeing and printing of fabrics
Coatings and paints
Colorants for architectural and automotive finishes
Plastics and polymers
Coloring of plastic products
Printing inks
Inks for various printing applications
Environmental and health concerns
Toxicity of dyes and pigments
Effects on human health
Environmental impact
Regulations and safety standards
Restrictions on hazardous substances
Compliance with environmental regulations
Sustainable practices
Development of ecofriendly dyes and pigments
Recycling and waste management in dye and pigment production