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Dissolution equilibrium
Dissolution equilibrium is an important concept describing the dissolution state of a solute in a solvent, affected by various factors. Dissolution equilibrium has wide applications in multiple fields, and various methods can be used to enhance dissolution rates to meet the needs of different areas.
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Dissolution equilibrium
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Dissolution equilibrium
Definition
State of dynamic balance
Solid solute and solvent
No net change in concentration
Solvent molecules enter solid phase
Solid molecules enter solvent phase
Occurs at specific temperature and pressure
Achieved when rates are equal
Dissolution rate
Molecules leaving solid
Precipitation rate
Molecules entering solid
Factors affecting dissolution equilibrium
Temperature
Higher temperature
Increases kinetic energy
More molecules escape solid
May increase or decrease solubility
Depends on solute nature
Lower temperature
Decreases kinetic energy
Fewer molecules escape solid
May increase or decrease solubility
Depends on solute nature
Pressure
Generally affects gases
Increases pressure
Increases gas solubility
Rarely affects solids and liquids
Nature of solute and solvent
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents
Like dissolves like
Nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents
Like dissolves like
Surface area of solid
Larger surface area
Increases dissolution rate
More surface for solvent molecules to interact
Stirring
Increases dissolution rate
Reduces boundary layer thickness
More solvent molecules can interact with solid
Applications
Pharmaceutical industry
Controlled release formulations
Dissolution rate affects drug availability
Environmental science
Contaminant dissolution in water
Affects water quality and treatment
Industrial processes
Purification of substances
Crystallization and recrystallization
Dissolution rate enhancement techniques
Particle size reduction
Increases surface area
Enhances dissolution
Use of surfactants
Increases wettability
Improves interaction with solvent
Complexation
Forms soluble complexes
Increases solubility
pH adjustment
Changes solubility of certain compounds
Acidic or basic conditions can dissolve solids
Dissolution kinetics
Zeroorder kinetics
Constant rate of dissolution
Independent of concentration
Firstorder kinetics
Rate proportional to concentration
Dissolution rate decreases over time
Secondorder kinetics
Rate proportional to square of concentration
Less common in dissolution processes
Dissolution testing
In vitro dissolution studies
Simulate in vivo conditions
Evaluate drug release profiles
Dissolution apparatus
USP dissolution apparatus types IVII
Different designs for various applications
Dissolution media
Simulated gastric fluid (SGF)
Mimics stomach conditions
Simulated intestinal fluid (SIF)
Mimics intestinal conditions
Biorelevant media
More closely resembles in vivo conditions
Dissolution profiles
Immediaterelease formulations
Rapid dissolution
Immediate onset of action
Sustainedrelease formulations
Gradual dissolution
Prolonged therapeutic effect
Delayedrelease formulations
Timecontrolled dissolution
Delayed onset of action
Dissolution modeling
Empirical models
Based on experimental data
Useful for prediction and optimization
Theoretical models
Based on dissolution mechanisms
Provide insight into dissolution process
Dissolution monitoring
Inline sensors
Realtime monitoring
Immediate feedback on dissolution process
Offline analysis
Sampling and analysis
Postdissolution evaluation
Dissolution regulatory requirements
Pharmacopeias
Set standards for dissolution tests
Ensure product quality and efficacy
FDA guidelines
Provide guidance for dissolution testing
Aid in drug approval process