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Basic Overview of Crystalline Chemistry
The basic overview of crystalline chemistry encompasses characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (including powder XRD and single crystal XRD), crystal growth and phase transformations (such as vapor-liquid-solid growth and solid-state reactions), and crystal defects and nonstoichiometry (including point defects like vacancies and interstitials, as well as nonstoichiometry and compositional variations).
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Basic Overview of Crystalline Chemistry
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Basic Overview of Crystalline Chemistry
Introduction to Crystalline Chemistry
Definition of Crystals
Regularly repeating atomic structure
Solid materials with distinct geometric shapes
Importance in Materials Science
Understanding material properties
Designing new materials with specific characteristics
Crystal Structures
Unit Cell
Basic repeating unit of a crystal lattice
Contains the information necessary to describe the entire crystal
Bravais Lattices
Mathematical representation of crystal structures
Four types: cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic
Crystal Systems
Classification based on symmetry and lattice parameters
Seven crystal systems: cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, hexagonal, trigonal, monoclinic, triclinic
Crystallographic Notation
Miller Indices
System for describing crystal planes
Formed by taking the reciprocals of the intercepts of a plane with the crystallographic axes
Symmetry Elements
Operations that leave a crystal unchanged
Include rotation axes, mirror planes, and inversion centers
Bonding in Crystals
Ionic Bonding
Electrons transferred from one atom to another
Results in the formation of cations and anions
Covalent Bonding
Sharing of electrons between atoms
Forms strong directional bonds
Metallic Bonding
Electron sea model
Metallic cations surrounded by a "sea" of delocalized electrons
van der Waals Forces
Weak intermolecular forces
Attractive forces between molecules
Crystal Defects and Nonstoichiometry
Point Defects
Vacancies, interstitials, and impurities
Localized disruptions in the crystal lattice
Line Defects
Dislocations
Disruptions along a line in the crystal structure
Planar Defects
Grain boundaries, stacking faults
Disruptions in the crystal structure over a plane
Nonstoichiometric Compounds
Deviations from ideal stoichiometric ratios
Can affect material properties significantly
Crystal Growth and Phase Transformations
Nucleation and Growth
Initial formation of a stable nucleus
Subsequent growth of the crystal from the nucleus
Phase Diagrams
Graphical representation of phase equilibria
Shows conditions at which different phases are stable
SolidState Transformations
Changes in crystal structure without melting
Can involve diffusion or diffusionless processes
Characterization Techniques
Xray Diffraction (XRD)
Analysis of crystal structure using Xrays
Determines the arrangement of atoms within the crystal
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Imaging of crystal surfaces at high magnification
Can provide information on morphology and defects
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Imaging of crystal structure at atomic resolution
Useful for studying defects and microstructure
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Measurement of heat flow into or out of a material
Detects phase transitions and thermal stability
Applications of Crystalline Chemistry
Semiconductors
Crystals used in electronic devices
Require precise control of defects and doping
Superconductors
Materials with zero electrical resistance at low temperatures
Crystal structure and composition are critical
Catalysis
Crystalline materials used as catalysts
Surface structure and defects can enhance activity
Pharmaceuticals
Crystalline forms of drugs can affect solubility and bioavailability
Polymorphism is a key consideration in drug development