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Biology Mind Map

This is a mind map of the biology review for 2022! Biology is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital processes. Biology encompasses diverse fields, including botany, conservation, ecology, evolution, genetics, marine biology, medicine, microbiology, molecular biology, physiology, and zoology.

Edited at 2023-01-04 14:06:59

WS3fHbdg

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Biology Mind Map
This is a mind map of the biology review for 2022! Biology is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital processes. Biology encompasses diverse fields, including botany, conservation, ecology, evolution, genetics, marine biology, medicine, microbiology, molecular biology, physiology, and zoology.

Biology Mind Map

WS3fHbdg

Recent works View more works>>

Biology Mind Map
This is a mind map of the biology review for 2022! Biology is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital processes. Biology encompasses diverse fields, including botany, conservation, ecology, evolution, genetics, marine biology, medicine, microbiology, molecular biology, physiology, and zoology.

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Biology School Year 2022

Body Systems

The Skeletal System

Major components

Tendon

The connective tissues that transmit the mechanical force of muscle contraction to the bones

Ligament

A tough, fibrous connective tissue that serves to support the internal organs and hold bones together (joints)

Bone Marrow

Red Bone Marrow

Type of bone marrow that is red in color

Functions

Produces all types of blood cells (exceptions are some lymphocytes)

Helps in the destruction of old red blooed cells, along with the liver & spleen

Yellow Bone Marrow

Type of bone marrow that is yellow in color

Stores fat, grows as humans age

Can be converted to red bone marrow under certain conditions, e.g. severe blood loss

Major bones

Cranium

Skull

Mandible

Head

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Carpals

Metacarpals

Shoulders & Arm

Ribs

Sternum

Vertebral Column (Spinal Cord)

Pelvic Girdle

Upper-middle section

Femur

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Leg

Phalanges

The Circulatory System

Heart

The organ that pumps blood throughout the body

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Pumping Steps

Steps (Correct)

1. Blood enters the atria and ventricle

2. The atria contracts, squeezing more blood into the ventricle

3. The atrioventricular valves close

4. The semi-lunar valves open

5. The ventricle contracts, pumping the blood out of the heart and into the arteries

6. The semi-lunar valves close

Steps (Incorrect)

1. Blood enters the atria

2. Atria contract

3. Blood enters the ventricles

4. Atrioventricular valves close

5. Ventricles contract

6. Blood leaves the heart and enters the arteries

7. The semi-lunar valves close

8. The heart muscle relaxes

Arteries

The blood vessels that bring oxygenated blood away from the heart

Veins

The blood vessels that bring deoxygenated blood toward the heart

Capillaries

Extremely thin blood vessels that deliver oxygen to cells while picking up waste products. These are so thin that blood cells have to go through them single-file

Blood

Red Blood Cells

Oxygen carriers that use hemoglobin to trasnport oxygen to cells

Hemoglobin

Iron-containing protein in the blood that transports oxygen to the body cells

Oxyhemoglobin

Oxygenated hemoglobin, color -- bright red

Reduced hemoglobin

Deoxygenated hemoglobin, color -- purplish blue

White Blood Cells

Another name for the immune cells, kills pathogens / parasites

Macrophages

Neutrophils

Killer T Cells

Memory Killer T Cells

Helper T Cells

Memory Helper T Cells

Dendritic Cells

B Cells

Plasma Cells

Memory B Cells

Mast Cells

Antibodies

Complement

Natural Killer Cells

Basophils

Eosinophils

These we did not learn, I just put them up there

Blood Plasma

The liquid portion of blood (mixture of water, sugar, protein, and others). It is vital for blood pressure and helps with homeostasis (See Homeostasis)

Blood Types

Type A

A antigen

B antibody

Type B

B antigen

A antibody

Type O (Universal Donor)

A antibodies

B antibodies

Type AB (Universal Receiver)

A antigens

B antigens

The Muscular System

Major muscles

Deltoid

Trapezius

Biceps Brachii

Triceps Brachii

Pectoralis Major

Latissimus Dorsi

Abdominals

External Abdominal Obliques

Gluteus Maximus

Quadriceps

Sartorius

Gastrocnemius

Muscle types

Voluntary

A muscle that is controlled by the brain, only moves when it receives a signal from it

Examples

BIceps

Triceps

Quadriceps

Abdominals

Involuntary

A muscle that doesn't need to monitoring of the brain, moves by itself

Reflexes

A type of involuntary action, usually due to stimuli

Examples

Heart Muscle

Intestine Muscle

Stomach Muscle

The Integumentary System

Skin

Epidermis

The very first layer of the skin, provents pathogens from passing through

Dermis

The layer under the Epidermis & is the largest layer of the skin (volume)

Subcutaneous

The most bottom layer of the skin, stores fat

Hair

Dead skin cells bullt on top of each other, originating in a hair follicle

Has a relationship with muscles while homeostasis; when the muscles contract to trap heat, the hairs stand up straight

Nails

Protects the skin on your fingertips, made of keratin

Keratin

The fibrous structural protein that can be found in / on hair, nails, the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin

Gives the surfaces hardness, making them harder to be infected by pathogens or to be injured

Cell Structure

Parts of a cell (Most)

Nucleus

Holds the DNA of the cell

Chromatin

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms (except for bacteria) are made from

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes

Rough ER

The rough and rigid type of Endoplasmic Reticulum, covered with ribosomes

Smooth ER

The smooth type of Endoplasmic Reticulum, produces lipids

Lipid

A diverse group of compounds that builds up the Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondria

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

The part of the cell that controls what goes in and out; made of lipids

The part of the cell that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration

The metabotic process of where a mitochondria uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, often leaving carbon dioxide and water as a byproduct

Lysosome

An organelle that holds degradative enzymes to break down waste products

Cytoplasm

All the material inside the cell excluding the nucleus

Cytosol

The aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended

Centriole

The cylindrical organelle occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

Vesicle

The organelles in a cell that transports materials

Ribosome

The particle consisting of RNA found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells, produces proteins

Protein

Very complex substances that are present in all living organisms, participates in the chemical processes essential for life

Cytoskeleton

A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and providing structure

Body Organization

Cell

The most basic unit of life, consists of different organelles (See Cell Structure)

Examples

Red Blood Cells

Immune Cells (Macrophages, Neutrophils...)

Neurons

Epithelial Cells

Tissue

A group of cells working together to do a specific function

Examples

Nervous

Epithelial

Muscular

Connective

Organ

A group of similar tissues working together to do a specific function

Examples

Heart

Liver

Spleen

Lungs

Stomach

Thymus

Intestines

Kidney

Brain

Organ System

A group of organs working together to take up an specific need of the body

Examples

Cardiovascular (Circulatory)

Respitory

Immune

Digestive

Nervous

Lymphatic

Organism

A living being made up of organ systems

Examples

Human

Rabbit

Tiger

Lion

Monkey

Orangutan

Whale

Major Tissues

Nervous

Called neurons, these nerve cells transfer information from cell to cell throughout the body using certain neurotransmitters (e.g. Adrenaline, Acetylcholine, Dopamine, etc.) A group of neurons make up nervous tissue

Epithelial

Made of neat "polygon-shaped" cells, this type of tissue lines the border of your skin

Muscular

Muscular tissue are made of thin strips of muscle cell, and they can work together to make a muscle (See Muscular System)

Connective

Be the name, connective tissue maintains the shape of the body, and provides internal organs with structure. Connective tissues could include bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, etc. (See Skeletal System)

Homeostasis

The process of trying to stay in equilibrium between the inside and outside, especially as maintained by processes such as exchange of substances and contraction of muscles when there's a change in temperature

A direct example of homeostasis is when it gets cold, the muscles will contract and keep the heat in your body in

An Aside: Melanin Melanin is a natural pigment found in skin, hair, eyes, etc. They darken the surface and reflect off UV radiation (mainly from the sun).

Red Color = Major Players in a cell (all parts are important though)

An Aside: Bone Marrow Bone Marrow is the soft, gelatinous tissue that fills the cavities of the bones. There are two types of bone marrow, which will be explained in the mind map.

Source: -> Britannica

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An Aside: Organelles So, what are organelles? They sound similar to organs, but they are almost completely different. Organelles are the like "organs" OF CELLS, while organs are the clumps of tissue OF YOUR BODY. Both of them do specific functions for the host. Organelles include Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), etc.

Sources: -> Britannica -> Apple dictionary (Oxford)