MindMap Gallery Vitamins and coenzymes
This is a mind map about vitamins and coenzymes, with a detailed introduction and comprehensive description. I hope it can be helpful to interested friends.
Edited at 2023-11-20 10:44:18El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
Vitamins and coenzymes
fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A
active
11-cis-retinal
dark vision formation
A1 / Retinol
Beta-carotene/provitamin A
A2/3-dehydroretinol
effect
Relevant to the normal formation and function of human epithelial cells
lack
Drying, hyperplasia and keratinization of epithelial tissue
dry eye disease
dry skin
hair loss
Vitamin D
active
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D5
Regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Anti-rickets vitamins
Cholesterol derivatives
D3/Cholecalciferol (Animal)
effect
Regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Promote the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus by renal tubular cells
Promote calcium salt renewal and new bone formation
lack
children rickets
Adult rickets
Vitamin E
alpha-tocopherol
Antioxidant effect, maintaining normal reproductive function of animals
effect
Scavenge excess free radicals
Protecting the structure and function of biofilms
Promote heme synthesis
Affects animal immune function and reproductive function
Protect liver
lack
Reproductive organs are susceptible to damage leading to infertility
muscular dystrophy
Myocardial damage
anemia
Vitamin K
active
Vitamin K1 K2
Participate in the activation of coagulation factors and promote coagulation
blood clotting vitamins
K1
Green plants and animal liver
K2
Human intestinal bacterial metabolism
natural
K3 K4
synthetic
effect
Participate in blood coagulation
lack
Prolonged clotting time
water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B1
active
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Involved in α-keto transfer, decarboxylation of α-keto acids, and formation and cleavage of α-hydroxyketones
Thiamine
Found in the outer coat and germ of plant seeds
effect
Participate in the aerobic decomposition of sugar
lack
polyneuritis
numb skin
heart failure
Muscle atrophy
Beriberi
Vitamin B2 and flavin coenzymes
active
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Participate in redox reactions and transfer hydrogen and electrons
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Riboflavin
effect
Promote sugar, lipid and protein metabolism
Maintains skin, mucous membranes and vision
lack
Tissue respiration is weakened and metabolic intensity is reduced
Oral inflammation, glossitis, keratitis, dermatitis
Pantothenic acid
Coenzyme A (CoA)
acyl transfer
pandanic acid
Coenzyme A is the active form of pantothenic acid
Vitamin PP and nicotinamide coenzyme
active
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Tongwei B2
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
Vitamin PP
niacin
Nicotinamide
nicotinamide coenzyme
transfer electrons
lack
pellagra
dermatitis
diarrhea
dementia
Vitamin B6 and B6 coenzyme
active
Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Amino acid transamination and decarboxylation
Pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP)
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxamine
Biotin and carboxylase coenzymes
Vitamin H
active
biocytin
Deliver CO2
Folic acid and folate coenzyme
active
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (THF/FH4)
Also called coenzyme F
transfer one carbon unit
lack
macrocytic anemia
application
anticancer drug methotrexate
Inhibits the synthesis of purine and thymine nucleosides in cancer cells
Vitamin B12 and B12 coenzyme
active
5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin
Rearrangement of hydrogen atoms, methylation
Cyanocobalamin
The only vitamin containing metal elements
lipoic acid
active
lipoamide complex
acyl transfer, electron transfer
Octacarbonic acid
Always with B1
effect
The role of transferring acyl groups and electrons
Vitamin C
active
ascorbic acid
Antioxidant effect, hydroxylation reaction cofactor
effect
Antioxidants
Participate in hydroxylation reaction
Promote iron absorption and prevent anemia
Improve body immunity
lack
scurvy
Collagen synthesis disorder
subcutaneous bleeding
weak muscles