Abnormal insulin secretion pattern

Defects in insulin secretion

What are the characteristics of DM neuropathy?) It is mainly caused by microvascular disease and enhanced metabolism of sorbitol bypass, resulting in an increase in sorbitol. The most common location of the disease is peripheral nerves, which are usually symmetrical. The lower limbs are more severe than the upper limbs, and the disease progresses slowly. . Clinically, abnormal sensation appears first in the extremities, with a sock or glove-like distribution, accompanied by numbness, pins and needles, burning or a feeling like stepping on a cotton pad, and sometimes hyperalgesia. Later, there is limb pain, which appears as dull, stinging or burning pain, and is aggravated at night and in cold seasons. In the later stage, motor nerves may be affected, resulting in weakened muscle tone, weakened muscle strength, and even muscle atrophy and paralysis. Muscle atrophy is more common in the small muscles of the feet and thigh muscles. Autonomic neuropathy is also common and can appear earlier, affecting gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, urinary system and sexual organ function. Clinical manifestations include pupil changes (narrow and irregular, loss of light reflex, presence of accommodation reflex) and abnormal perspiration (no sweat, little sweating or hyperhidrosis), delayed gastric emptying, diarrhea (after meals or midnight), constipation and other gastric disorders. Intestinal dysfunction, cardiovascular autonomic nervous system disorders such as orthostatic hypotension, sustained tachycardia, and prolonged heartbeat intervals, as well as increased residual urine volume, urinary incontinence, urinary retention, retrograde ejaculation, and erectile dysfunction.

Diabetic patients suffer from foot pain, deep skin ulcers, acral jaundice and other pathological changes due to various factors such as peripheral neuropathy, insufficient arterial blood supply to the lower limbs, and bacterial infections, which are collectively referred to as diabetic foot. (Explanation of terms, what is diabetic foot?)