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General Psychology-Verbal Mind Map
Regarding the general psychology-verbal mind map, the process of people using language to communicate is called speech, including the functions of speech, the characteristics of speech, etc.
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General Psychology-Verbal Mind Map
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- Outline
speech
1. The process of people using language to communicate is called speech. Speech and language are two different concepts:
1. Speech is a psychological phenomenon, language is a social phenomenon
2. Speech is the process of using language to communicate. Language is a tool for communication. Speech can only be realized with the help of language, so speech cannot be separated from language. Language is a tool for communication. If it loses this function, this language will become Dead languages will be eliminated by society. It can be seen that language and speech are closely related and inseparable
2. function of speech
1. symbol function
Speech is a means of preserving and imparting social and historical experience
2. communicative function
Speech is a tool for people to communicate and exchange thoughts and emotions.
3. Summary function
Speech not only marks individual objects or phenomena of objective things, but can also mark many phenomena of certain types of things.
3. Characteristics of speech
1. Creativity, structure, significance, referentiality, sociality and personality
4. Types of speech
1. external speech
Speech used for communication can be divided into:
Spoken words:
conversational speech
The speech activity when two or several people communicate directly is the most basic form of speech, on which other forms of spoken and written speech are produced. Dialogue language has four characteristics: situationality, simplicity, direct cooperation, and responsiveness.
monologue speech
It is a long and coherent speech that is carried out solely by an individual and is related to narrative thoughts and emotions. Monologue language has three characteristics: monologue, development, and planning.
written speech
Speech activities that express one's own thoughts with words, or accept the influence of other people's words through reading. Written language has three characteristics: randomness, development, and planning.
2. inner speech
It is a speech activity that is used to support people's normal thinking activities, silently, and self-questioning and answering. Normal people's thinking activities cannot be separated from the support of speech. Compared with external speech, internal speech has the characteristics of abbreviation and incompleteness. It is the outline of thinking, so its speed is very fast. It is worth noting that internal speech also uses speech. Organs, because the vocal cords are also ready to vibrate. Internal speech has two characteristics: concealment and simplicity. Simplicity is the reason for the difficulty in transforming language from deep structure to surface structure.
3. sign language
A form of speech that conveys information through visible gestures combined with the shape, orientation, movement, and facial expression of the hands, arms, or body
5. structure of speech
1. phoneme
The smallest unit of speech that can distinguish semantic meanings
2. morpheme/lexeme
The smallest unit that combines sound and meaning is the component element of a word, which can be divided into: free morpheme and adhesive morpheme
3. word
The smallest unit in language that can be used independently is the basic structural material of language
4. sentence
A structural unit that independently expresses complete semantics in speech and is the basic form of language expression.
6. central mechanism of speech activity
1. speech motor area
Also called Broca's area, it is located in front of the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere and above the Sylvian fissure. Impairment symptoms: Motor aphasia is also called expressive aphasia. The patient's reading, understanding and writing are not affected. Although his vocal organs are normal, he has difficulty pronouncing words and cannot speak normally. Produce telegraphic sentences and word repetitions.
2. speech hearing center
Also called Wernicke's area, it is located in the superior temporal gyrus of the frontotemporal lobe of the left hemisphere. Impairment symptoms: Receptive aphasia, the patient can hear the voices of others speaking, but cannot understand the meaning of the language; or can repeat what others say, but misunderstands the meaning of the words; or can talk freely and speak quickly, but the words But it makes no sense. Cutting or damaging the arcuate fasciculus, the nerve fiber bundle that connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area, will have the same result.
3. speech visual center
Above Wernicke's area, at the junction of the parietal and occipital lobes. Impairment symptoms: visual-auditory alexia, the patient can see words but cannot recognize them, and loses the function of converting spoken language and written language into each other. The patient can speak and understand spoken language, but not written language, and can see objects and hear the sounds of words, but has lost the ability to match them correctly.
4. written speech center
Axler
The area located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe is responsible for the writing function and is called the written speech center. When this center is damaged, the patient's other motor functions are normal, but he is unable to write or draw. This kind of aphasia is called agraphia.
7. Speech perception and understanding
1. perception of speech
Recognition of speech sounds can be measured as clarity or intelligibility. Clarity or intelligibility is the percentage of words heard correctly. When there is no context, it is called clarity; when there is context, it is called intelligibility.
Influencing factors
phonetic similarity
The more features two syllables share, the easier it is to confuse them
intensity of speech
Speech intensity is 5 decibels. It is perceptible but not distinguishable; as the intensity increases, the clarity of the word increases; at 20-30 decibels, the clarity is 50%; when it reaches 70 decibels, the clarity reaches 100%; when it exceeds 130 decibels, it will cause discomfort and even Produce pressure and pain
The role of syntax and semantics
In spoken language perception, semantic and syntactic information are important to improve speech intelligibility.
context and expectations
The subjects first stored the auditory information until they could determine which phoneme they had lost based on the context. This phenomenon is called the "phoneme recovery effect" and shows that people's perception of individual phonemes is affected by context.
noise masking
The greater the intensity of the noise, the greater the masking effect on speech
2. speech understanding
That is, verbal comprehension refers to the process of understanding what others are saying or reading written materials, and actively constructing meaning based on correct perception of language. There are three levels:
vocabulary comprehension
The process by which people accept input part-of-speech or phonetic information and reveal the meaning of the word in their brain. Also called vocabulary recognition and vocabulary access
Influencing factors
Letter length or number of strokes: In Pinyin text, the more letters a word contains, the longer it takes to recognize it (word length effect). The time for word recognition in Chinese characters increases with the increase in the number of strokes (stroke number effect) )
Part information of words: letters at the beginning and end of Pinyin characters, radical structures of Chinese characters
Orthographic rules: The formation of characters follows certain rules. Characters that conform to these rules are easy to recognize. It is a kind of implicit knowledge and plays an important role in word recognition.
Font structure: Ai Wei's research shows that glyphs that are closed, composed of horizontal straight lines, symmetrical, etc. are easy to recognize; Peng Ruixiang and others' research found that Chinese characters with a left-right structure are easier to recognize than those with a top-bottom structure and a single structure.
Frequency of word use (word frequency): Word frequency is calculated from the number of times a word appears in 1 million language materials. High-frequency words have a low detection threshold and require a short time for recognition. On the contrary, low-frequency words are just words. Frequency effects in recognition
The role of speech: In the recognition of Pinyin text, speech plays a very important role in extracting word meaning; Meyer proposed using the priming experimental paradigm to study the role of speech in speech understanding.
The role of context: words that appear in context (related words, sentences or texts) have a low recognition threshold
The role of semantics: Semantic characteristics such as concreteness and abstraction, polysemy and single meaning, etc., will also affect the recognition of words. Words with more meanings are easier to recognize than words with less meanings.
Age of vocabulary acquisition: AOA effect (early-acquired words have processing advantages over later-acquired words)
Sentence understanding
On the basis of word understanding, the process of obtaining sentence semantics through syntactic analysis and semantic analysis of each component that makes up a sentence is called sentence understanding.
Influencing factors
Sentence type: From the perspective of reaction time: true affirmative sentence < false positive sentence < false negative sentence < true negative sentence
Word order: a means of expressing the grammatical meaning of words
Context: Especially in conversational speech, without the context, it is difficult to understand a sentence alone.
Syntactic analysis and semantic analysis: Syntactic analysis, such as different punctuation marks in a sentence, will make a big difference in the understanding of the sentence; semantic analysis, logical sentences are easy to judge
discourse comprehension
The process of using reasoning, integration, etc. to reveal the meaning of an article on the basis of understanding words, sentences, etc. is called discourse understanding.
Influencing factors
Reasoning: The use of reasoning can make up for content that does not appear in the article, including inferences about results.
Context: Allow readers to combine their knowledge and experience with the current discourse to help understand the article.
The role of a schema: A schema is an organized unit of knowledge that illustrates the most general or expected arrangement of a set of information in the mind. The effective use of schemas can be seen as a reading strategy
Article mark: It has a certain promoting effect on the article reading process, that is, information retention, and the promoting effect on readers with high reading level is greater than that of readers with low reading level.
People’s existing knowledge structure and previous knowledge and experience
3. production of speech
Speech production is also called speech expression
form
Includes three forms of speaking, writing and sign language
Influencing factors
Influenced by motivation and cognitive systems
unit
The unit of speech production is studied primarily through error analysis. People often regard the unit in which errors occur during speech production as the unit of speech production. Speech error analysis shows that there are five main units of speech production: phonemes, syllables, morphemes, words, and phrases. Other research methods have been used to conclude that sentences are very important units of speech production.
stage theory of speech production
Franchin's seven stages
Choose what you want to express
Choosing a syntactic structure for a clause
Insert content into syntactic structure
Specify the lexical form of the word
Specify the phoneme that represents the clause
Select exercise needs
utter a clause
Anderson three stages
construction phase
conversion stage
Execution phase
Lever's third stage
concept stage
Formulation stage
pronunciation stage
Delder Level 4
Semantics
syntax
Word Formation
voice