The speech activity when two or several people communicate directly is the most basic form of speech, on which other forms of spoken and written speech are produced. Dialogue language has four characteristics: situationality, simplicity, direct cooperation, and responsiveness.

It is a long and coherent speech that is carried out solely by an individual and is related to narrative thoughts and emotions. Monologue language has three characteristics: monologue, development, and planning.

The more features two syllables share, the easier it is to confuse them

Speech intensity is 5 decibels. It is perceptible but not distinguishable; as the intensity increases, the clarity of the word increases; at 20-30 decibels, the clarity is 50%; when it reaches 70 decibels, the clarity reaches 100%; when it exceeds 130 decibels, it will cause discomfort and even Produce pressure and pain

In spoken language perception, semantic and syntactic information are important to improve speech intelligibility.

The subjects first stored the auditory information until they could determine which phoneme they had lost based on the context. This phenomenon is called the "phoneme recovery effect" and shows that people's perception of individual phonemes is affected by context.

The greater the intensity of the noise, the greater the masking effect on speech

Letter length or number of strokes: In Pinyin text, the more letters a word contains, the longer it takes to recognize it (word length effect). The time for word recognition in Chinese characters increases with the increase in the number of strokes (stroke number effect) )

Part information of words: letters at the beginning and end of Pinyin characters, radical structures of Chinese characters

Orthographic rules: The formation of characters follows certain rules. Characters that conform to these rules are easy to recognize. It is a kind of implicit knowledge and plays an important role in word recognition.

Font structure: Ai Wei's research shows that glyphs that are closed, composed of horizontal straight lines, symmetrical, etc. are easy to recognize; Peng Ruixiang and others' research found that Chinese characters with a left-right structure are easier to recognize than those with a top-bottom structure and a single structure.

Frequency of word use (word frequency): Word frequency is calculated from the number of times a word appears in 1 million language materials. High-frequency words have a low detection threshold and require a short time for recognition. On the contrary, low-frequency words are just words. Frequency effects in recognition

The role of speech: In the recognition of Pinyin text, speech plays a very important role in extracting word meaning; Meyer proposed using the priming experimental paradigm to study the role of speech in speech understanding.

The role of context: words that appear in context (related words, sentences or texts) have a low recognition threshold

The role of semantics: Semantic characteristics such as concreteness and abstraction, polysemy and single meaning, etc., will also affect the recognition of words. Words with more meanings are easier to recognize than words with less meanings.

Age of vocabulary acquisition: AOA effect (early-acquired words have processing advantages over later-acquired words)

Sentence type: From the perspective of reaction time: true affirmative sentence < false positive sentence < false negative sentence < true negative sentence

Word order: a means of expressing the grammatical meaning of words

Context: Especially in conversational speech, without the context, it is difficult to understand a sentence alone.

Syntactic analysis and semantic analysis: Syntactic analysis, such as different punctuation marks in a sentence, will make a big difference in the understanding of the sentence; semantic analysis, logical sentences are easy to judge

Reasoning: The use of reasoning can make up for content that does not appear in the article, including inferences about results.

Context: Allow readers to combine their knowledge and experience with the current discourse to help understand the article.

The role of a schema: A schema is an organized unit of knowledge that illustrates the most general or expected arrangement of a set of information in the mind. The effective use of schemas can be seen as a reading strategy

Article mark: It has a certain promoting effect on the article reading process, that is, information retention, and the promoting effect on readers with high reading level is greater than that of readers with low reading level.

People’s existing knowledge structure and previous knowledge and experience

Choose what you want to express

Choosing a syntactic structure for a clause

Insert content into syntactic structure

Specify the lexical form of the word

Specify the phoneme that represents the clause

Select exercise needs

utter a clause

construction phase

conversion stage

Execution phase

concept stage

Formulation stage

pronunciation stage

Semantics

syntax

Word Formation

voice