Refers only to the study of the ideas of the great artists, writers, and philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome

Rekindle the study of the two major civilizations and extend beyond the two major civilizations, including the study of major Western European countries.

The perspective once again extends from the study of Western civilization to the contributions made by civilizations outside Europe

The “humanist tradition” is somewhat limited to the contributions of men in the classical period and Western European civilization.

It should also include all people in the world, past and present, both men and women

The joy that beauty arouses in people's hearts is called aesthetics

Humanities

The rational, analytical and logical side of people

Look at a work objectively before analyzing it

Beginning of critical thinking

The side of man governed by emotion, intuition, and unlimited freedom

Able to think clearly

Have stable, reliable and responsible behavior

Able to express inner likes and dislikes without restraint when necessary

We identify with a character and the performer and put ourselves into the character for a period of time

In the early 19th century, the famous German playwright Bertolt Brecht proposed

A technique used to distance the audience from the play, advocating a critique of society, sometimes referred to as the "defamiliarization effect"

In these entertainments, the flip side of the Dionysian coin might be called Apollinian alienation.

One of the gifts of the humanities is a deeper understanding of the past, which allows us to gain a deeper understanding of historical context.

The more we know about the past, the more we understand the importance of historical and cultural context

The more we understand the historical context, the less we will analyze things only from the perspective of the present.

Let’s be more tolerant of styles that have become “outdated”

Sometimes many previous works are rearranged or rewritten to meet the needs of modern audiences.

Be good at critical thinking to not only discuss the similarities and differences between two works, but also to analyze how the historical context affects the way we understand the work

Some will use specialized academic training to study the artworks they want to analyze.

Others train themselves to identify artists simply by reading, observing, and listening.

Everybody likes some form of art

More likely to discover works that have great potential to become popular

Don't say "I love it" or "I hate it" all at once

Discover as many details as possible and describe them objectively

When was the work created? What factors influenced the creation of the work—the author’s life or the world at large?

What is the author's creative purpose? What other significance does the work have besides aesthetics?

How the author skillfully uses existing techniques - images and language in literary works, color and shape in paintings, etc.

To what formal category or genre can the work be classified?

Just focus on what's happening now

Even when discussing the present, we look at it from a broader perspective

Like breathing and eating, myths are almost a necessity for people's survival

An integral part of humanities research

Myths are universal

In many Western myths and stories, the hero's power is not eternal.

This concept was further developed by Joseph Campbell

Since the creation of human consciousness, "birth" has always fascinated and confused people.

The monomyth theory suggests that this theme represents people's need for a sense of identity

All myths emphasize the importance of the transition from adolescence to adulthood

We love watching and feeling milestone achievements

We also record important events in our lives

In the West, mythological heroes are often tragic

A hero spends his life proving his greatness

western hero

oriental hero

People use it to symbolize unity, completeness and eternity

Think of human consciousness as a self-contained circle

Think of consciousness as a flowing river, with thoughts and feelings coming and going

The journey in myth is also a pursuit

new world

If this prototype leads to disillusionment, it also offers hope.

God is powerful and unpredictable

If God is to exist, it must be anthropomorphic and created in the image of man

While humanizing the gods, the Greeks also mythologized themselves

Chinese Taoism

Greek mythology

animals with godlike powers

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

The world was created by an Almighty

Pandora opens the magic box

Eve who ate the forbidden fruit

African Burundian tribe mythology

Mexico and Central and Southern United States

Orpheus

Lot

One responsible for weaving the thread of human life

One stretches the thread

one cuts the thread

Human lifespan is determined by fate

Heredity, domestic violence, poverty and harsh environments are often at the center of debate

gender roles

full of eternal pain

We should be thankful, we do need it

Usually there are many requirements and restrictions on authors

Used to express those complex thoughts that cannot be expressed directly

A long narrative poem describing a hero who is strong, brave, and witty but not necessarily noble in character.

When survival is humanity's most important concern, epic heroes must be invincible

long narrative poem

one of the oldest epics

It tells the story of Gilgamesh, a superhero and tyrant who lived in today's Iraq about 4,000 years ago.

The story is inscribed on 12 monuments and was discovered in the ruins of an Assyrian library dating back to the 7th century BC

This epic poem (and some others) originated as ballads and poems commemorating the great deeds of a real king of Uruk in 2750 B.C.

Some scholars also pointed out

indian subcontinent

Africa

U.K.

Norway

A literary work far exceeds other works in terms of style, completion, character or meaning, and may not necessarily be recognized by people in the era of its creation.

Present text as a song

The Iliad marks a dramatic change in the nature and genre of epic poetry

not only provides the reader with history and identity (like a typical epic work)

Also praised the enemy's glory and virtue

Not only is it the best representative of early literature, it is also a treasure of human civilization.

"The Iliad" has become the first important work in the history of Western civilization, not only because of its magnificent poetry, but also because of its humanized description of the main characters

Traditionally, its author is Homer, who lived from 1200 BC to 850 BC

For a long time, researchers tended to believe that the formation of this epic took several centuries, so it could not be determined that it was written by one person

Depicts the final weeks of the ten-year Trojan War

May have been performed orally rather than read or written

Troubadour - "one who sings epic poems"

Pride is a theme in Greek tragedy

greatness means tragedy

Is it better to fail spectacularly than to succeed modestly?

Reality is not just a battle between good and evil

Poets have become a highly educated and respected group in society

Usually expresses the poet's feelings, especially love

Inherited the Greeks' desire to develop art in a civilized society, including the pursuit of pleasure in food, wine, mineral baths, massage, and sexual expression

Possibly the first recorded poet in history to describe personal inner feelings.

The first person to establish a girls' school

Pleasure and pain in love

"Eternal Aphrodite"

Most of the lyric poetry of ancient Greece and Rome was a way for Christians to escape worldly temptations, search for God, and express their pious mystical experiences.

The theme of the poem is "love"

The theme of "love" from the Classical period is back in fashion

Women regain the right to reject men

In the early 19th century, famous British poets such as Keats and Shelley developed lyric poetry to its extreme

A poetic genre consisting of 14 lines with a strict rhythm and rhyme scheme

English classical poetry rhyme forms

Reading a poem aloud or quietly and analyzing its meter to determine whether it has a regular rhythm, such as iambic pentameter

two lines of rhyming verse

Rhymed but not rhyming poems

Writers use concrete images to represent abstract things

A clever metaphor

Played a key role in the revival of classical art

Rhyming features

Advancing the development of sonnets

status

Rhyming features

theme

writing object

A traditional Japanese poetry genre in which the poet describes a scene, usually based on observations of nature, and also contains the poet's thoughts.

Based on the understanding that "nature is one"

Do not pursue long and complicated rational causal logic, but pursue intuitive insights

See Blake grapple with the loss of childhood and having to deal with the realities of life as adults

relatively

To some, "modern" means "more difficult to understand than the poetry of the past."

one of the greatest poets of the 19th century

have an extraordinary ability

He truly stands on the threshold of modern poetry, but still uses traditional iambic meter to express his thoughts and feelings.

Johnson

Langston Hughes

Beginning with Whitman, free verse emerged, allowing poets to freely create poems about sex, anger, and strong emotions.

Focus on coping with a hostile world

Full of inner struggles of identity

prose style

They party, drink, race and have sex all the time

The first famous novelist in the West, who lived as long as Shakespeare

"Don Quixote"

Many novelists who were ready to take off began to write wildly and wildly.

"Gulliver's Travels"

"Robinson Crusoe"

Presented as a true account of the adventure

"Pamela"

washington irving

James Fenimore Cooper

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)

Herman McQuay

U.K.

France

Russia

Create in complex prose language

The description of American society in the 1920s is still regarded as a classic

Observers and recorders of this era

Representative works

It recreates the images of tough guys in early American fictional literature, but places them in many different spaces and subjects them to various tests.

Representative works

The theme of mature novels or stories is about courage and fighting against all the cruelties in life.

Incorporate strange, seemingly magical elements into literary or artistic works, and their descriptions are all realistic

Works that break through old traditions and creative habits

Representative works

creative style

status

Representative works

status

"Masterpiece"

Writer James Joyce borrowed the word's original religious meaning

Representative works

style

Representative works

style

Representative works

It means that the artist starts from reality, but does not necessarily take reality as the ultimate goal.

Classicism

Dutch School

abstract art

classical period

Nature

classical period

feature

classical period

feature

Pottery is developed

6th century BC to 5th century AD

Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures, wall carvings, frescoes, mosaics, and architecture

Ancient Athenian buildings were designed and constructed to mathematical precision, stemming from the Greeks' love of numbers and geometric harmony

"Bronze Statue of Artemis"

"The Charioteer"

Built by the Greeks for the goddess Athena

Not only do works of art continue to be loved, but they continue to be viewed, read, performed, watched and played long after they were created

Art and Architecture in Athens, 5th and 4th Centuries BCE

Also refers to all later art and architecture created in this style.

A perfect relationship between two sides of a plane in which the proportion of the short side to the long side is exactly equal to the ratio of the long side to the sum of the two sides. This ratio is 1:1.68

Paintings on the walls of churches and public buildings, popular during the Renaissance, in which the artist applied paint to wet plaster

An architectural style in the late Middle Ages, characterized by tall and scattered wall facades, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and large stained glass windows.

This statement comes from critics who criticized the style as being as barbaric as the Goths who destroyed the Roman Empire.

Representative works

Representative works

New expression techniques were adopted in creation, laying the foundation for the development of realist medical techniques during the Renaissance.

Not only care about what can be seen with the naked eye, but also how people see it

He was one of the first artists to use perspective in his creations.

Representative works

baroque artist

Eye-catching due to strong light and shadow contrast

Once one of the most infamous of the Renaissance artists

Representative works

The eldest of the three great art masters

He has made great achievements in many fields

Painting characteristics

Representative works

What Shakespeare is to drama, Beethoven is to music, what Michelangelo is to sculpture

Presenting the tension between classicism and passionate expression

Representative works

The youngest of the three masters of Florentine art during the Renaissance

Representative works

Mastered the perfect reproduction technology

Marked a renewed interest in the knowledge and art of ancient Greece and Rome

The need for personal freedom of expression

Sparked New Age artists' interest in realistic anatomy

Continuing Giotto's tradition, it attempts to allow viewers to see things and people in real life, using perspective to simulate the three-dimensional experience of real life.

Mobilize the viewer’s emotional response

The first woman to achieve international fame for her artistic achievements

Extremely talented at painting realistic portraits

The most important female artist of the late Renaissance

A perspective technique in which objects enter the painting space on a flat or curved surface as they appear in nature.

Developed and refined during the early Italian Renaissance

An artistic, political and social movement that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries

Mainly characterized by people's renewed interest in the classical world, it also marks the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern society

It is a movement with wide influence, including not only art, but also drama, music and politics.

Indicates the strong contrast between light and shadow in an artwork

A group of artists who focus on creating works with a strong realism style, centered in the Netherlands in the 17th century, with representatives such as Rembrandt and others

summary

Painting theory of a new artistic style

Representative works

Representative works

Monet and other artists of his style are known as Impressionists (however this term is not always used in a positive light)

The Impressionism movement of the 19th century produced two important female artists

One of the earliest post-impressionist painters

The obvious difference between him and the Impressionist painters

He likes colors, especially bright yellows, vivid greens and reds

He has no interest in studying the principles of optics

Indulge in the sensory impact of manifesting the shapes and colors of life and translating them into higher planes of reality

Representative works

Focus on modern life themes in urban and natural environments

"spring"

especially new york

Excellent introductory works of modern art

Gradually came to believe that the most critical element of a work of art is form

Representative works

Representative works

No one can really see an object or person

Realistic painting and photography foster a misconception

People's eyes move and constantly change their perspective

What we really see are the fragments of consciousness put back together

place clearly identifiable shapes against obscure backgrounds

The best way to define surrealism

purpose

salvador dali

Frida Kahlo

Georgia O'Keeffe

Ellen Douglas

But in the end, it was almost only associated with some American artists after World War II.

Representative works

His paintings are often called "drip paintings" or "action paintings"

His work has received mixed reviews

Representative works

Sculpture became an increasingly important medium in the second half of the 20th century

She refuses to be labeled a feminist

Representative works

Known for his expertise in pop culture

Film was central to Warhol's art

mid-20th century art styles

Originating from pop culture, influenced by comics, movies, TV commercials and billboards

They choose to do something that only exists for a certain period of time

Representative works

One of the most famous performance artists of the 21st century

Her performance art pieces focus on pain and physical endurance.

Representative works

They truly and briefly changed the world, creating magnificent and very famous works.

An event art that generally only exists during the performance of the act

three dimensional art

One of the main characteristics is skepticism

The artist extracts only what he wants from reality or depicts a concept in his mind; the resulting artwork is completely different from the familiar world

Paint, acrylic, acid, wood, stone, even tires, scarves, glass, etc.

Especially under the "male gaze", society's expectations for women's appearance and behavior

Recognized as the most outstanding architect of the 20th century in the United States for his innovative spirit

Taking modern American architecture to a new level

First female architect to win the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2004

Her architecture is fluid and powerful

a single sound produced by an instrument or person

a characteristic of a musical sound, as opposed to pitch or intensity

Later, it was increased to seven notes, and the diatonic scale was finally formed.

Beethoven, Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125

This is also the basis for the development of jazz and blues

the arrangement of notes in an octave

distance between two similar sounds

It contains seven tones, and the interval pattern is whole tone-whole tone-semitone-whole tone-whole tone-whole tone-semitone.

It is the basis of Western music, but it is not the only scale

A scale system earlier than the heptatonic scale

The distance between two notes in the chromatic scale

Composed of 12 tones

The dominant characteristic scale in music creation is determined by the first note of the scale and whether it is a major or minor scale, such as C major, B flat minor

The interval form is a seven-tone scale composed of two whole steps, one semitone, three whole steps and one semitone.

natural minor scale

harmonic minor scale

melodic minor

style

Different rhythmic forms have different ways of changing

enjoy order

Revel in unrestrained emotional expression

The alternation of accented and unaccented music

Just like sentences in prose, they often appear repeatedly or in the form of variations.

Brahms masterpiece

Tchaikovsky

Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff

melody master

Composers began to strongly oppose romantic melodies and began extreme departures from tradition

A whole set of sounds composed in a certain fixed order

Music for small orchestras

In music, two or more different notes are played or sung at the same time, producing an unfamiliar or unpleasant effect

In Paris in the 12th century, composers began to experiment with harmony

The Renaissance movement that spread across Europe in the 16th century revived classical civilization

Harmony makes it possible to interweave different musical themes

The invention of harmony also made the art form of opera possible

Two or more notes, whether coordinated or not, played or sung at the same time

similar to what the white space around a sculpture is to the sculpture itself

Walls for art exhibitions

"4 minutes and 33 seconds"

Bach's music is often labeled "rational"

opera

symphony

chamber music

large mass

various songs

Violin and Piano Concerto

Raising the limits of a symphony orchestra's capabilities and paving the way for Beethoven

Symphony is to Germany what opera is to Italy

Completed in 1824, by which time he was completely deaf

genius of art song

Representative works

father of modern music avant-garde

Representative works

Representative works

His atonality—music lacking a key or tonal center—encouraged other avant-garde artists to break free from the constraints of traditional chords and traditional structures.

Representative works

First to use synthesizers to make music

Art that challenges traditional art rules

A characteristic of most avant-garde music is that tonality is often not considered in creation.

The original meaning of the word is "irregular pearl"

Characterized by exquisite decoration and high sophistication

Once played, it can be recorded and repeated by other players

Allows performers to demonstrate irresistible and exquisite musical skills

Usually composed of four separate parts or movements

Sometimes it forms a whole, but most of the time it doesn't

It is very likely that it will be passed down from generation to generation and will change every time it is performed.

The songs of medieval bards

commemorative song

labor songs

Praise people's Dionysian temperament

Cumulative songs

ballad

Country and western music takes the narrative tradition of folk music and adds its own unique story elements to it

Protest songs against war, environmental pollution and corruption of those in power

Mahalia Jackson

scott joplin

Religious songs of black Christians in the American South

Many people believe that this music originated from the combination of European hymns and African musical elements by black slaves.

Derived from the need of African slaves to express and perpetuate their cultural roots, to give meaning to their suffering, and to claim their rightful place in society

A genre of music that is the precursor to jazz

A method used by composers to avoid regular rhythm by changing the stress position of notes

A performer sings or plays a specific combination of tones, and people respond with variations sung or played

Similar to folk songs

Treat jazz as a serious and important art form

He has single-handedly built a bridge between the concert hall and the private jazz club.

Since then, jazz has become an important art form

Representative works

Taking jazz to new heights

Representative works

As a singer and songwriter, she specializes in jazz, jazz blues, sentimental ballads, and swing

Representative works

Representative works

Irving Berlin is American Music

Representative works

One of early rock 'n' roll's most eccentric performers

Adding rhythm and blues rhythms and chords to the guitar, absorbing elements of country music and western songs, giving them a powerful aggressiveness that is still a hallmark of rock music today

good boy of rock and roll

bad boy of rock

Common name

It appeared in the 1950s and was popularized by Elvis Presley

Born out of a fusion of rhythm and blues, gospel, and country and western music

One of the goals of humanities research is to make people aware of the different expressions of human creativity

a contemporary music style that includes rap music

a lifestyle characterized by DJing, sampling, loose clothing, vocabulary and graffiti

major branches of hip hop

These rules shouldn't be broken, but they often are

will change over time

Sophocles

Euripides

An open-air theater that can accommodate 14,000 to 20,000 people, with audiences sitting on stone benches to watch performances

You can only watch the show during the annual three-day festival

Classical tragedy generally follows the rule of three unities

actor

A choir of 12-15 people is required

In the early days of the development of classical drama, there was no real drama. What people saw was a chorus.

In the 6th century BC, a soloist named Thespis stood up from the chorus and began to sing duet with the chorus.

Various mythical stories that are familiar to many and even believed to be true by many people

ancient greek drama

ancient roman tragedy

right now

The actors' postures and movements are very relaxed and they don't pay much attention to details.

When performing, actors will make exaggerated and large-scale movements to match their lines.

Classical tragedy revolves around a central character or protagonist, and what the audience sees in the story is his fate

scenes usually found in classic tragedies

shakespeare

Globe Theater

Drama can take place almost any time of the year

Not restricted by the Three Unities

minimalist

actor

No need for a chorus

The theater is small and masks are no longer used

Male actors can still play all roles

It’s no longer all based on mythology

Audiences enjoy a variety of action, and the more violent the better

Shakespeare provides the audience with constant action: duels, sword fights, various assassinations and poisonings

The characters in the drama become more complex

Shakespeare rarely followed classical formula

In "Othello", the truth is revealed

one of the two main types of drama

Ancient Greek and Shakespearean tragedies

Not so with modern tragedy

One of the two major types of Greek drama

Now refers to various theatrical works that are intended to make people laugh

an Elizabethan dramatic formula

Reading lines of poetry, intentionally exaggerating the effect of rhyme, to determine whether the text follows the rhyme without being hindered by it

Prosodic analysis can reveal a writer's craft when the text follows a strict rhyme scheme but actors are free to explore the emotions contained within it.

Popular in Elizabethan plays, an actor speaks to the audience and the other actors on stage pretend not to hear.

in greek tragedy

Evolved into different forms and functions in many contemporary plays

The central character in a play (or literary work) on whose fate and actions the story focuses

poetry techniques

Classical and Neoclassical Drama Formulas

Refers to people who loved theater but were relatively poor in the Elizabethan era

In tragedy, especially in ancient Greek and Shakespearean tragedies, the moment when the doomed hero realizes that he is instead responsible for the disaster

In modern tragedies there is usually no

action

Not for the emotion itself, but for the aftermath: the sense of calm that follows an emotional outburst.

plot

character

Thought

speech

scene

aria

According to Aristotle's theory, emotions such as pity and fear are purified through the emotional response to watching tragedy

Greek for "arrogance"

For the first time, theater departed from the huge open-air theater and no longer relied on sunlit courtyards.

The audience at this time was mostly well-educated and well-dressed aristocrats

The rhythm of the lines is extremely elegant, far better than Shakespeare's iambic pentameter

The language is also gorgeous and in line with the taste of the aristocracy.

For the first time, a female actor plays a female role

Representative works