The first pass: read quickly and catch key words

Second pass: Slow down and narrow the scope

"Knowledge errors" ranked first

"Logic errors" ranked second

"Expression errors" ranked third

"Does not meet the requirements of the question" ranked fourth

Compare charts and options first, then eliminate them

Unknown knowledge, use the known to deduce the unknown

The conclusions of confirmatory experimental questions are generally required to be consistent with the positive knowledge in the textbook

Genetic traits that appear in textbooks need to be written and deduced in one sentence

Refers to "phenotype" unless otherwise specified

There is no explanation in the derivation of the genetic pedigree that "diseased" means "normal" etc.

Deeply understand and flexibly apply the basic principles, concepts and laws of biology

Cultivate scientific thinking methods and complete exploratory experiments

Carefully analyze the experiments involved in the textbook and understand the experimental principles and purpose requirements

Understand the methods and principles for selecting materials and utensils, and master experimental methods and experimental procedures

In-depth analysis of the scientificity, correctness, rigor and variability of experimental conditions, processes, phenomena or results

Be able to describe the principles, purposes, method steps, phenomena and result predictions of classic experiments in textbooks

Provide scientific experimental basis for experimental design and build a basic framework

Developing different thinking helps improve experimental comprehensive ability

Master the general rules of experimental design

Utilize and apply classic experimental summary methods to improve experimental design capabilities

During review -> Strengthen standardized question-answering training and improve problem-solving skills

When solving problems -> Find the key words, clarify the proposition direction, and avoid answering the question incorrectly

Is the purpose to verify or to explore?

What does the question ask us to do?

Under what conditions are experiments conducted?

Experimental principles are the scientific basis for conducting experiments

Select materials as needed

Select materials from the materials given in the question -> the materials given do not need to be used up

"Use" the materials given in the question -> all materials must be used

Select experimental materials

Control independent variables->Set experimental group and control group

Control extraneous variables

Observation, measurement and recording of dependent variables

Analyze the results and draw conclusions

The specific functions of biological membranes are mainly determined by membrane proteins. The cell membrane is composed of lipids (phospholipids and sterols), proteins, and a small amount of sugars

The increased CO2 content in the brown bottle may be due to anaerobic respiration. I don’t know if it’s aerobic or not.

About water

In the onion root tip mitosis experiment, dissociation acts on the cell wall to soften the root tip. There needs to be a tableting process

Under normal conditions, lysosomes have a decomposing effect on the cellular structure of the body (damage, aging)

The transport of H from the cytoplasmic matrix to lysosomes is active transport and requires energy.

Aflatoxin carcinogenesis is phenotypic. (Wrong, because aflatoxins are non-biological) The production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus is phenotypic

Mitosis, meiosis, etc. all occur in eukaryotes. The only source of variation in prokaryotes is genetic mutation.

Lowering people's trophic level in the food chain can save food. Eating more meat and eating less vegetarian food consumes less total energy in nature. many

Co-evolution refers to the continuous evolution and development of different species through mutual influence (wrong, it may also be with the environment)

Mutation occurs first, then natural selection. And the mutation is not directional. (It would be wrong to say directional mutation) The mutation of genetic engineering can be said to be directional.

Energy flows in one direction and decreases step by step. (It is wrong to say circulation, and it is wrong to improve or change energy transfer efficiency)

The fundamental cause of succession is not human factors, but internal factors of the community.

The functions of the ecosystem are energy flow, material circulation, and information transmission.

Tissue edema: The decrease in plasma protein content or the increase in protein content in tissue fluid leads to an increase in tissue fluid, causing the body of pregnant women to swell. The cause of swelling is a lack of nutrients. The principles are similar to obstruction of lymph circulation, malnutrition, glomerulonephritis, proteinuria, and allergic edema. The difference is that strong local metabolism leads to an increase in tissue fluid osmotic pressure and edema.

Classification of transportation: forward and reverse of concentration difference. Moving along the concentration difference consumes no energy, which leads to free diffusion and assisted diffusion, and is generally called passive transport; going against the concentration difference consumes energy, which leads to active transport. Assisted diffusion and active transport require the participation of carrier proteins (types that penetrate the cell membrane)

Judgment of transportation type: mainly remember a few special cases

Endocytosis and exocytosis should be distinguished from transmembrane transport. Its principle is: the fluidity of the cell membrane. The principle of transmembrane transport is the selective permeability of the cell membrane.

Remember a few special examples

Remember the following relationships to determine breathing patterns

Commonly used experimental reagents

Analysis of common test points and key points for answering questions

Classification of other common test points

Judgment of the movement of the intersection point with the x-axis: If the curve is the photosynthetic rate-c02 concentration curve, then the oxygen concentration is reduced, the respiration intensity is reduced, and the intersection point will move to the left. In short, remember one thing, the intersection point is the point of photosynthesis and respiration. To judge the movement, you only need to pay attention to the equality of the changes.

Limiting factor analysis: If the quantity is fixed and measured with another infinitely increasing quantity, and the curve does not rise, it is the limiting factor.

Image deformation methods: light saturation point image (minimum light intensity that enables plants to produce maximum photosynthetic rate), maximum respiration rate image (see vertical axis intercept), maximum photosynthetic rate image (rare), etc.

The limiting factor of photosynthesis: light intensity (extended to the problems of sun-growing plants, intercropping, and maintaining temperature differences) question), CO2 concentration (problems of improvement measures: farmyard manure, pig pens, ventilation). "Temperature, inorganic salts, water

The limiting factor of respiration: temperature (maintaining the temperature difference between day and night to reduce the consumption of organic matter in respiration) oxygen partial pressure, that is, oxygen concentration

Note: If photosynthetic respiration is carried out after dark treatment, it is necessary to see clearly whether the comparison between the question and the answer is before or after treatment.

Photosynthesis produces flow powder-Sachs. Note that the experimental group is not shaded, and the control group is shaded. Pay attention to starvation for 24 hours

Rubin-Kamen's radioactive isotope labeling experiment: proved that all oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes from water

Calvin cycle

Routes into the atmosphere: respiration, decomposition, fossil fuels

In nature: C02 and carbonates

Biome:Organism

Organisms: photosynthesis, chemosynthesis

Carbon cycle: co2

Note: Intake amount - yellow stool amount = assimilation amount. The calculation of energy transfer efficiency is: assimilation at this level 1 assimilation at the upper level

Why is a certain ecosystem more susceptible to destruction? It has a single nutrient content and poor self-regulation ability...

The purpose of this is to -> improve energy utilization and enhance the recycling of materials. Reasonably adjust the relationship between energy flow so that energy can continue to flow efficiently to the parts that are beneficial to the human body.

The flow of energy is one-way transmission and decreases step by step. Materials can be recycled