"stored procedure"

The basic idea of ​​"stored program" is: the pre-programmed program and original data can only be executed after being sent to the main memory. Once the program is started for execution, there is no need for operator intervention, and the computer will automatically execute the instructions one by one until the program execution is completed. .

input device

output device

memory

operator

controller

system software

application

machine language

Assembly language

high level language

Assembler (Assembler)

interpreter (interpreter)

Compiler (compiler)

Layer 3 is the instruction set architecture layer. This layer can control computer hardware by writing programs in machine language. It is also called the traditional machine layer or ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) layer. It is the interface and link between the software system and the hardware system in the computer.

Fetch instructions: PC→MAR→M→MDR→IR

Analysis instructions: OP(IR)→CU

Execution instructions: Ad(IR)→MAR→M→MDR→ACC

Generally, the number of binary digits that an arithmetic unit can process in one operation is called the machine word length.

Refers to the width of the external data bus.

The data transmission path formed by connecting each subsystem through the data bus is called a data path.

word count x word length

Throughput and response time

Main frequency and CPU clock cycle

CPI (Cycle Per Instruction)

CPU execution time

MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second)

MFLOPS, GFLOPS, TFLOPS, PFLOPS, EFLOPS and ZFLOPS

You can evaluate the performance of the same benchmark program by running it on different machines to compare the running time on different machines.

In CPU, IR, MAR and MDR are transparent to all kinds of programmers.

The assembly programmer can set the PC value through the JMP instruction.

Status registers and general-purpose registers can only be programmed if they are visible to the assembly programmer.